Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v5 - Grade 3

Lesson Video

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Performance objectives

• Recall and use multiplication facts for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10.
• Recall and use division facts for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10.
• Solve word problems using multiplication and division.
• Understand that multiplication and division are opposites.

Lesson summary

Overview This week, we dive into the exciting world of multiplication and division! These are not just sums we do in class; they are powerful tools we use every day in our lives here in South Africa. Think about buying snacks at the spaza shop – if one sweet costs R2, you use multiplication to quickly find the cost of 5 sweets. When you share a packet of chips with your friends, you use division to make sure everyone gets an equal share. Mastering the multiplication and division facts for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 will make you a faster, more confident problem-solver. It builds a strong foundation for all the more complex mathematics you will learn in higher grades.

Lesson notes

What is Multiplication? Multiplication is a fast way of doing repeated addition. When we have equal groups of objects, we can multiply to find the total number of objects. The symbol for multiplication is ×.

Example: Imagine 3 taxis. Each taxi has 4 wheels.

Repeated Addition: We can add the wheels: 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 wheels.

Multiplication: We can say we have 3 groups of

4. So, we write 3 × 4 =

1

2. We read this as "three times four equals twelve". What is Division? Division means to share something equally or to see how many equal groups you can make from a total. It's the opposite (or inverse) of multiplication. The symbol for division is ÷. There are two ways to think about division: Division as Sharing Equally:

Example: Gogo has 20 koeksisters to share equally among her 5 grandchildren. How many does each child get? We are sharing 20 into 5 equal groups. We write this as 20 ÷ 5 =

4. Each grandchild gets 4 koeksisters.

Division as Grouping:

Example: A teacher has 30 pencils. She wants to put them into packets of

1

0. How many packets can she make? We are making groups of 10 from

3

0. We write this as 30 ÷ 10 =

3. She can make 3 packets.

The Inverse Relationship: Fact Families! Multiplication and division are best friends who work together. For every multiplication fact, there are two related division facts. We call this a fact family. Let's use the numbers 4, 5, and

2

0. If we know 4 × 5 = 20, we also know 5 × 4 =

2

0. From this, we can figure out the division facts: 20 ÷ 5 = 4 20 ÷ 4 = 5 This is a super-powered trick! If you know one fact, you actually know four facts.

Let's Explore Our Times Tables 2s: Think of pairs. Pairs of shoes, pairs of eyes. (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12...) Worked

Example:* How many legs do 3 chickens have? (Chickens have 2 legs). 3 groups of 2 = 3 × 2 = 6 legs. 3s: (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18...) Worked

Example:* A tricycle has 3 wheels. How many wheels on 4 tricycles? 4 groups of 3 = 4 × 3 = 12 wheels. 4s: (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24...) Worked

Example:* A square has 4 sides. What is the total number of sides on 5 squares? 5 groups of 4 = 5 × 4 = 20 sides. 5s: Think of your fingers on one hand, or a R5 coin. (5, 10, 15, 20, 25...) Worked

Example:* You save a R5 coin every day for a week (7 days). How much have you saved? Oops, this week we focus on our known tables!

Let's try again:* You save a R5 coin for 4 days. How much have you saved? 4 groups of R5 = 4 × 5 = R20. 10s: This is the easiest! Just add a zero to the end. Think of R10 notes. Worked

Example:* How much money is 6 R10 notes? 6 groups of 10 = 6 × 10 = R

6

0. Guided Practice (With Solutions)

Question 1: Sipho buys 5 packets of biscuits. Each packet has 4 biscuits inside. How many biscuits does Sipho have altogether?

Solution: Identify the information: We have 5 packets (groups) and 4 biscuits in each group.

Choose the operation: We need to find the total, so we multiply.

Write the number sentence: 5 × 4 = ?

Calculate: We can count in 4s five times: 4, 8, 12, 16,

2

0. Or we can count in 5s four times: 5, 10, 15,

2

0. Answer: 5 × 4 =

2

0. Sipho has 20 biscuits altogether.

Commentary: This is a multiplication problem. We identified the number of groups and the number in each group to find the total.

Question 2: A farmer has 40 oranges. He wants to pack them into bags with 10 oranges in each bag. How many bags will he need?

Solution: Identify the information: The total is 40 oranges. We are making groups of

1

0. Choose the operation: This is a grouping problem, so we use division.

Write the number sentence: 40 ÷ 10 = ?

Calculate: We can ask, "How many 10s make 40?" We can count in 10s until we reach 40: 10, 20, 30,

4

0. That was 4 times.

Answer: 40 ÷ 10 =

4. The farmer will need 4 bags.

Commentary: This problem shows division as grouping. We knew the total and the group size, and we needed to find the number of groups.

Question 3: We know that 3 × 10 =

3

0. Use this fact to solve 30 ÷ 3 = ?

Solution: Identify the relationship: This is a fact family problem. The numbers are 3, 10, and

3

0. Use the inverse operation: Multiplication and division are opposites. If 3 groups of 10 make 30, then if we split 30 into 3 equal groups, each group must have

1

0. Answer: 30 ÷ 3 =

1

0. Commentary: By understanding the inverse relationship, we don't need to calculate from scratch. We can use the multiplication fact we already know to find the division answer instantly. Independent Practice (Questions Only) Draw an array to show 4 ×

3. Write the answer.

Solve the following: a) 7 × 2 = ? b) 6 × 5 = ? c) 9 × 10 = ? d) 8 × 4 = ?

Complete the number sentences: a) 25 ÷ 5 = ? b) 12 ÷ 3 = ? c) 80 ÷ 10 = ? d) 24 ÷ 4 = ?

Fill in the missing number: ___ × 3 = 18 Fill in the missing number: 40 ÷ ___ = 4 A car has 4 tyres. How many tyres are there on 7 cars? There are 15 cupcakes. If you share them equally among 3 friends, how many cupcakes does each friend get? Thembi saves R10 every week. How much money will she have after 8 weeks? A farmer plants 5 rows of mielies.