Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v4 - SHS 2
SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
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SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
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Subject: Applied Technology
Class: SHS 2
Term: 1st Term
Week: 20
Grade code: 2.3.2.LI.6
Strand code: 3
Sub-strand code: 2
Content standard code: 2.3.2.CS.1
Indicator code: 2.3.2.LI.6
Theme: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Subtheme: SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
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This lesson introduces the essential concept of formwork in building construction. Everywhere we look in Ghana, from the new interchange at Pokuase to the storey buildings in our communities and the simple concrete gutters along our roads, we see the results of concrete work. These strong, precisely shaped structures are not created by magic; they are moulded using temporary structures called formwork. Understanding formwork is fundamental for anyone interested in building, architecture, or civil engineering, as it determines the shape, strength, and finish of a large part of any modern building.
This section breaks down the core content for the lesson. A. What is Formwork?
Definition: Formwork is a temporary or permanent mould into which fresh concrete is poured and compacted so that it can harden into the desired shape and size.
Think of it like a baking pan for a cake. The pan holds the liquid cake batter in shape until it bakes and becomes solid. In the same way, formwork holds the wet, flowing concrete in the shape of a column, beam, or slab until it cures and gains enough strength to support itself. Because its job is finished once the concrete is hard, it is usually a temporary structure that is removed after a specific period.
Key Terminology: Shuttering: The vertical parts of the formwork system that form the sides of beams, columns, and walls. Centering: The horizontal parts of the formwork that support slabs and the undersides of beams. Props: Vertical supports (often adjustable steel poles or timber posts) that hold up the centering. Bracing: Diagonal members used to stiffen and stabilise the formwork against lateral forces like wind or the pressure of pouring concrete. Striking or Stripping: The process of carefully removing the formwork after the concrete has achieved sufficient strength. B. Functions of Formwork