Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v4 - SHS 2
SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
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SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
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Subject: Applied Technology
Class: SHS 2
Term: 1st Term
Week: 19
Grade code: 2.3.2.LI.3
Strand code: 3
Sub-strand code: 2
Content standard code: 2.3.2.CS.1
Indicator code: 2.3.2.LI.3
Theme: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Subtheme: SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
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This lesson introduces the fundamental process of foundation trench excavation, which is the very first step in erecting a safe and durable building. Every strong house, school, or hospital we see in Ghana, from the new interchange at Pokuase to a family house in a village near Sunyani, started with a hole in the ground. Understanding how these holes (trenches) are dug, the tools used, and the methods chosen is crucial for any student of building technology. This knowledge helps us appreciate the science and skill behind construction, ensuring buildings can withstand our unique weather conditions and soil types, and remain safe for generations.
A. What is Foundation Excavation?
Excavation is the process of digging, removing, and moving soil, rock, or other materials from a site to form a cavity or trench.
In building construction, Foundation Excavation is the specific process of creating a trench or hole in the ground that will hold the building's foundation.
Purpose of Foundation Excavation: To reach stable ground: The topsoil is often loose and contains organic matter, making it unsuitable for carrying the weight of a building. We excavate to reach a firm, stable layer of soil (often called the "hardpan" or "bearing stratum"). To create space for the foundation: The excavated trench provides the mould or space into which concrete for the footings and foundation walls will be poured. To protect the building: Placing the foundation below the ground level protects it from surface water, soil erosion, and temperature changes that could cause it to shift or crack. B. Methods of Excavation