Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v4 - SHS 1
ECONOMIC PRODUCTION OF SMALL RUMINANTS
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ECONOMIC PRODUCTION OF SMALL RUMINANTS
Download the Lessonotes Mobile Ghana app for faster lesson access on Android and iPhone.
Subject: Agricultural Science
Class: SHS 1
Term: 2nd Term
Week: 16
Grade code: 2.2.2.LI.2
Strand code: 2
Sub-strand code: 2
Content standard code: 2.2.2.CS.1
Indicator code: 2.2.2.LI.2
Theme: FARMING FOR JOBS AND INCOMES
Subtheme: ECONOMIC PRODUCTION OF SMALL RUMINANTS
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Welcome, future farmers and agripreneurs! Today, we are exploring a very important and profitable area of agriculture in Ghana: the economic production of small ruminants. Small ruminants, like the goats and sheep we see every day, are a major source of meat (chevon and mutton) for our favourite meals like light soup, khebab, and jollof rice, especially during festivals. Beyond our plates, raising these animals is a significant source of income for many families and a key part of our national economy.
2.1 Introduction to Small Ruminants and Production Systems Small Ruminants: These are cud-chewing mammals with a four-chambered stomach, primarily goats and sheep. They are smaller than large ruminants like cattle. Common Breeds in Ghana: Goats: The most common is the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat, also known as the "Djallonké" goat. It is hardy, tolerant to diseases like trypanosomiasis, and well-adapted to our humid climate. Sheep: The most common is the Djallonké sheep. Like the WAD goat, it is small, hardy, and well-adapted to local conditions. Production Systems: There are three main ways to raise these animals. Extensive System (Free-Range): Animals roam freely to graze and browse with little or no supplementary feed or housing. It has low initial cost but often results in slow growth, high mortality, and difficulty in management. Intensive System (Zero-Grazing/Stall-fed): Animals are permanently confined in a house. All feed, water, and healthcare are brought to them. This allows for high control and productivity but is very expensive and labour-intensive. Semi-Intensive System (Our Focus): This is a combination of the two. Animals are housed at night, during bad weather, and for specific periods (like kidding/lambing), but are allowed to graze or browse on pasture during the day. They receive supplementary feed and regular health care. This system is highly recommended as it balances cost, control, and animal welfare. The NaCCA exemplar project is based on this system. 2.2 Setting Up a Semi-Intensive Small Ruminant Farm
Step 1: Site Selection Choosing the right location is the first step to success. Consider these factors: Good Drainage: The site should not be waterlogged. A gentle slope is ideal to prevent mud and the buildup of disease organisms. Proximity to Forage: The farm should be close to a reliable source of grass, shrubs, and trees for the animals to graze/browse. Access to Clean Water: Water is essential for drinking and cleaning. A borehole, well, or pipe-borne water source is needed. Security: The site should be secure from theft and predators. Fencing is crucial. Accessibility: The site should be accessible by road for transporting animals, feed, and products to the market.
Step 2: Housing Construction A simple, functional house is sufficient. The main purpose is to protect animals from rain, harsh sun, and theft. Floor: A raised, slatted wooden floor is excellent. It allows droppings and urine to fall through, keeping the animals clean and dry, which reduces disease. A well-drained concrete floor that is easy to clean is another option. Walls: Can be made from wood, bamboo, or concrete blocks. They should be about 1.2 - 1.5 metres high. Ventilation: Good airflow is critical to prevent respiratory diseases. Leave a gap between the top of the walls and the roof. Roofing: Use corrugated iron sheets or thatched materials. Ensure it is waterproof. Space: Provide adequate space to avoid overcrowding. An adult goat/sheep needs about 1.5 square metres of floor space. Fixtures: Install feed troughs and water troughs. They should be designed to prevent contamination with faeces and urine.
Example Housing Plan for 10 Goats: Required space: 10 goats x 1.5 m²/goat = 15 m² A simple rectangular pen of 5 metres by 3 metres would be suitable.