Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v4 - JHS 3
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY
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SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY
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Subject: Science
Class: JHS 3
Term: 3rd Term
Week: 9
Grade code: B9.5.3.1.1
Strand code: 5
Sub-strand code: 3
Content standard code: B9.5.3.1
Indicator code: B9.5.3.1.1
Theme: HUMANS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Subtheme: SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY
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Science and Industry explains how scientific ideas (concepts and principles) are used to turn raw materials into useful products we use every day. In Ghana, industries such as cocoa processing, palm oil production, soap making, sachet water production, cement, textiles (kente/garments), and small-scale metal works provide jobs, improve living standards, and support national development. Understanding the science behind production helps learners to: appreciate how local products are made, improve safety and quality, reduce waste and pollution, and correct common misconceptions about industrial processes.
A. Meaning of Industry and Industrial Products Industry: organised activity that uses labour, machines, energy, and scientific knowledge to convert raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods. Industrial product: an item produced through a process (often in a factory or organised workshop) for use or sale.
Examples in Ghana Food/agro-processing: gari, palm oil, cocoa powder, chocolate, fruit juice, canned fish. Water and beverages: sachet water, bottled water, soft drinks. Chemical and household: soap, detergents, bleach, paint. Building and construction: cement blocks, cement, roofing sheets, tiles. Textiles and leather: cloth, garments, shoes. Metals and fabrication: aluminium pots, nails, gates.
B. Scientific Concepts/Principles Commonly Used in Industry Mixtures and Separation Techniques Many raw materials come as mixtures. Industries separate useful parts using scientific methods: Sieving: separates solids of different particle sizes *Example*: sieving cassava granules during gari processing. Filtration: separates insoluble solids from liquids *Example*: filtering palm oil to remove fibre and chaff; filtering water in treatment plants. Sedimentation and decantation: heavier particles settle, clear liquid poured off *Example*: allowing dirty water to settle before further treatment. Evaporation: removing solvent (water) to obtain solute *Example*: concentrating fruit juice; salt production from sea water. Distillation: separates liquids based on different boiling points *Example*: producing ethanol (industrial alcohol) from fermented mash; purifying water in laboratories. Magnetic separation: removes magnetic materials *Example*: removing iron particles from grains in some processing lines.
Key idea: Separation depends on differences in physical properties (size, density, solubility, boiling point, magnetism).