Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v4 - JHS 3
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
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ANIMAL PRODUCTION
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Subject: Science
Class: JHS 3
Term: 1st Term
Week: 13
Grade code: B9.2.4.2.1
Strand code: 2
Sub-strand code: 4
Content standard code: B9.2.4.2
Indicator code: B9.2.4.2.1
Theme: CYCLES
Subtheme: ANIMAL PRODUCTION
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Animal production is an important part of life in Ghana because many families keep animals such as goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, rabbits and poultry (chickens, guinea fowls, ducks) for meat, eggs, milk, income and cultural purposes. The success of animal rearing depends largely on feeding—giving the animal the right type of feed, in the right amount, at the right time. Different animals have different digestive systems, so the feed that is good for a goat may not be suitable for a pig or chicken.
2.1 Meaning of Feed Feed is any material (plant or animal origin) that animals eat to obtain nutrients for: Energy (movement, body processes, warmth) Growth (meat, body size) Repair (healing, replacing worn-out tissues) Production (milk, eggs, wool) Reproduction (healthy pregnancy and fertility) 2.2 Nutrients in Animal Feed (What feed provides) Carbohydrates → main source of energy (e.g., maize, cassava peels) Proteins → growth, muscle, milk, eggs (e.g., fish meal, soybean meal) Fats/Oils → concentrated energy (e.g., palm kernel cake has some oil) Vitamins → disease resistance, good growth (e.g., green leaves, premix) Minerals → bones, eggshells, blood (e.g., salt lick, oyster shell, bone meal) Water → digestion, transport of nutrients, temperature control (always essential)
> Key reminder: Water is also “feed” in a practical sense—animals can survive longer without food than without water.
2.3 Categories of Feed (Important for selection) A. Roughages (High fibre, bulky) Usually from grasses and leaves. Good for animals that can digest fibre well. Examples in Ghana: Elephant grass, guinea grass Legume forages: Centro, Stylosanthes Crop residues: maize stover, rice straw Hay (dried grass), silage (fermented grass/maize)
Characteristics Bulky, high fibre Lower energy than concentrates Helps rumen function in ruminants B. Concentrates (Low fibre, nutrient-dense) Concentrates are divided into: