Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v3 - Primary 5
Drawing Instruments
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Drawing Instruments
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Subject: Basic Technology
Class: Primary 5
Term: 2nd Term
Week: 5
Theme: Understanding Basic Technology
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identify drawing in struments list five drawing in struments state the uses of drawing in struments Use some drawing in struments
instead of a pencil holder.
Use: Used for transferring measurements, dividing lines into equal parts, and marking off distances. It is not used for drawing lines itself but for precise measurement transfer.
9. Protractor: Description: A semicircular or full-circle instrument marked with degrees (0° to 180° or 0° to 360°).
Use: Used for measuring and drawing angles.
Example in context: An engineer might use a protractor to set the correct angle for a particular joint in a metal structure.
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0. Drawing Paper: Description: Various types and sizes of paper designed for drawing. Common sizes include A4, A3, etc.
Use: The surface upon which drawings are made. Different textures and weights are available for specific purposes (e.g., cartridge paper for general drawing, tracing paper for overlays).
Definition of Drawing: In the context of Basic Technology, drawing refers to the act of creating a visual representation of an object, idea, or design on a surface (usually paper) using lines, shapes, and forms. Technical drawing, specifically, involves creating precise and detailed drawings that convey specific information about how something is to be made or constructed.
Drawing Instruments and Their Uses:
1. Drawing Board/Table: Description: A smooth, flat, rectangular surface, usually made of wood or plastic, with a straight, true edge.
Use: Provides a stable and even surface for drawing. Its straight edge is essential for the T-square to slide along, ensuring parallel lines. In classrooms, a flat desk surface can serve as a substitute.
2. T-Square: Description: A T-shaped ruler with a long blade and a shorter head (cross-piece).
Use: Used primarily to draw horizontal lines. The head of the T-square is placed firmly against the true edge of the drawing board, allowing the blade to be moved up and down to draw perfectly parallel horizontal lines. It also serves as a guide for set squares to draw vertical or angled lines.
3. Set Squares: Description: Triangular drawing instruments, typically made of transparent plastic.
There are two common types: 45-degree Set Square: Has two 45-degree angles and one 90-degree angle. 30-60-degree Set Square: Has one 30-degree angle, one 60-degree angle, and one 90-degree angle.
Use: Used in conjunction with the T-square or a ruler to draw vertical lines, lines at specific angles (30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, and combinations like 15°, 75°, etc.), and parallel lines.
For Vertical Lines: Place the edge of the set square against the T-square blade.
For Angled Lines: Place the desired angle edge against the T-square blade.
4. Ruler (or Straight Edge): Description: A flat, straight strip, usually made of wood, plastic, or metal, with calibrated markings (centimetres, millimetres, inches).
Use: Used for measuring lengths and drawing straight lines. It is a fundamental tool for all forms of drawing and design.
5. Pencils: Description: Graphite sticks encased in wood, available in various grades of hardness.
Use: Used for drawing lines and sketching. Pencil grades range from H (Hard, for light, fine lines, e.g., construction lines) to B (Black, for dark, thick lines, e.g., visible outlines) with HB (Hard Black) being a medium, general-purpose grade. H pencils (e.g., 2H, H): Produce light, thin lines, good for initial layouts and construction lines.
HB pencils: Produce medium-dark lines, suitable for general drawing and lettering. B pencils (e.g., B, 2B): Produce dark, thick lines, good for emphasizing final outlines.
Example in context: When drawing a plan for a house, an architect might use an H pencil for initial layout lines, then an HB for the main walls, and a B pencil for emphasizing important features.
6. Eraser (Rubber): Description: A piece of soft rubber or synthetic material.
Use: Used to remove unwanted pencil lines or mistakes from drawings. A good quality eraser should remove marks cleanly without smudging or damaging the paper.
7. Compass: Description: A tool with two legs, one ending in a sharp pivot point and the other in a pencil holder.
Use: Used to draw circles and arcs of various radii. The pivot point is placed at the centre, and the pencil leg is rotated around it.
Example in context: A fashion designer might use a compass to draw the curve of a sleeve or neckline on a pattern.
8. Divider: Description: Similar to a compass but has two sharp points instead of a pencil holder.
Use: Used for transferring measurements, dividing lines into equal parts, and marking off distances. It is not used for drawing lines itself but for precise measurement transfer.
9. Protractor: Description: A semicircular or full-circle instrument marked with degrees (0° to 180° or 0° to 360°).
Use: Used for measuring and drawing angles.
Example in context: An engineer might use a protractor to set the correct angle for a particular joint in a metal structure.
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0. Drawing Paper: * Description: Various types and sizes Teacher Activities: Introduction (10 minutes): Begin by reviewing the concept of "drawing" from previous knowledge, asking students why drawing is important (e.g., communicating ideas, designing things).
Introduce the topic: "Drawing Instruments" and explain that just as a carpenter needs tools, a person who draws for design or construction needs specific tools for accuracy and neatness. Display various drawing instruments (actual ones if available, or clear diagrams/pictures).
Presentation and Explanation (25 minutes): Present each drawing instrument one by one.
For each instrument: Show the instrument clearly. State its name. Explain its primary use and importance in a simple, clear manner.
Demonstrate the correct handling and use: How to hold a pencil for drawing. How to use a ruler to draw a straight line and measure. How to position a T-square on the drawing board edge to draw horizontal lines. How to use set squares with a T-square to draw vertical and angled lines. How to hold and use a compass to draw circles and arcs. How to use an eraser effectively. Emphasize the need for careful handling and maintenance of instruments.
Guided Practice (20 minutes): Distribute basic drawing materials (paper, pencils, rulers, set squares, compasses) to groups or individual students.
Guide students through simple exercises: "Draw a straight horizontal line using your ruler/T-square." "Draw a straight vertical line using your ruler and set square." "Draw a circle using your compass." Circulate around the classroom, observing students, providing immediate feedback, correcting posture, and demonstrating correct techniques individually.
Discussion and Reinforcement (5 minutes): Ask students to identify instruments by name as the teacher points to them. Ask students to state the use of specific instruments. Summarize key learning points, reiterating the importance of precision.
Student Activities: Observation and Identification: Students will observe the drawing instruments presented by the teacher and try to identify them.
Listening and Understanding: Students will listen to the explanations of each instrument's name and use.
Participation in Q&A: Students will answer questions about the names and uses of instruments.
Practical Application: Students will practice holding and using the ruler, set square, and compass to draw: Straight horizontal lines. Straight vertical lines. Circles of varying sizes.
Group Discussion: Students may discuss in small groups the importance of specific instruments for different drawing tasks (e.g., "Why do we need a compass, not just a ruler, for a circle?"). The teacher should provide these questions for students to attempt under supervision, offering immediate feedback and demonstrating correct procedures.
Question 1: Identify the following drawing instruments displayed by the teacher: a. (Teacher holds up a T-square) b. (Teacher holds up a compass) c. (Teacher holds up a 45-degree set square) d. (Teacher holds up a ruler) e. (Teacher holds up an eraser)
Solution 1: a. T-square b. Compass c. Set square (specifically, 45-degree set square) d. Ruler e. Eraser
Commentary: This activity directly addresses Performance Objective 1 (identify drawing instruments). The teacher should ensure students correctly pronounce and recall the names.
Question 2: State the main use of the following drawing instruments: a. T-square b. Compass c. Pencil (HB grade) d.
Set square Solution 2: a.
T-square: Used for drawing horizontal lines and as a guide for set squares to draw vertical or angled lines. b.
Compass: Used for drawing circles and arcs. c.
Pencil (HB grade): Used for general drawing, sketching, and lettering, producing medium-dark lines. d.
Set square: Used for drawing vertical lines, lines at specific angles (e.g., 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°), and parallel lines in conjunction with a T-square or ruler.
Commentary: This addresses Performance Objective 3 (state the uses of drawing instruments) and helps reinforce understanding of each tool's function.
Question 3: Using a ruler and a set square, draw: a. A straight horizontal line. b. A straight vertical line.
Solution 3: a.
To draw a horizontal line: Place the ruler (or T-square) firmly on the paper. Hold the pencil at a consistent angle against the ruler's edge and draw a continuous line from left to right (for right-handers) or right to left (for left-handers). b.
To draw a vertical line: First, draw a horizontal line using a ruler or T-square. Then, place one edge of a set square firmly against this horizontal line. Use the perpendicular (90-degree) edge of the set square as a guide to draw the vertical line. (Alternatively, if using a drawing board, place the T-square firmly against the edge, then place the set square on the T-square's blade and draw along its vertical edge).
Commentary: This addresses Performance Objective 4 (Use some drawing instruments) and checks the ability to create basic lines accurately.
Question 4: Using a compass and a pencil, draw a circle with a radius of 4 cm.
Solution 4: Place the pivot point of the compass at the 0 cm mark on a ruler and adjust the pencil leg to align with the 4 cm mark. This sets the radius to 4 cm. Place the pivot point firmly on the desired centre of the circle on the drawing paper. Hold the top of the compass gently and rotate the pencil leg around the pivot point, applying light, even pressure, to draw a complete circle.
Commentary: This also addresses Performance Objective 4, requiring practical application of the compass for drawing a specific shape.
Architectural Design and Building Construction: In Nigeria, architects and draughtsmen use drawing instruments extensively to create detailed blueprints for homes, schools, hospitals, and commercial buildings. For instance, to design a market stall in Onitsha or a residential duplex in Lekki, precise measurements and clear lines drawn with rulers, set squares, and T-squares are essential to guide the builders (masons, carpenters, electricians).
Fashion Design and Tailoring: Fashion designers and tailors in Nigeria, from Lagos to Kano, rely on drawing instruments to create patterns for various garments, including traditional Nigerian attire like kaftans, agbada, iro and buba, as well as modern dresses. Rulers and set squares help them draw straight edges and angles for precise cuts, while compasses can be used for curved hemlines or necklines.
Carpentry and Furniture Making: Local carpenters across Nigeria, whether in Aba's bustling industrial clusters or a small workshop in Kaduna, use drawing instruments to sketch designs and take measurements for furniture. They draw designs for tables, chairs, cabinets, and roofing structures, ensuring that dimensions are accurate and joints fit perfectly before cutting wood. This prevents waste and ensures the final product is sturdy and aesthetically pleasing.