Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term v3 - Junior Secondary 3
Non-Contact Games
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Non-Contact Games
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Subject: Physical & Health Education
Class: Junior Secondary 3
Term: 2nd Term
Week: 4
Theme: Contact And Non Contact Games
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recall the basic swimming strokes; demonstrate the strokes; mention the equipment in swimming; list various events for competition; Gymnastics (perform activities on the floor/mat); classify gymnastics activities; explain the sequence of each of gymnastics skills; explain the value of gymnastics; list the of ficials in swimming describe the ir duties; mention and observe safety rules in non-contact games.
This section provides a detailed breakdown of the core concepts for the teacher.
A. Swimming Definition: Swimming is the self-propulsion of a person through water or other liquid, usually for recreation, sport, survival, or exercise. It is a non-contact activity requiring the use of one's limbs and body to move through the water.
Basic Swimming Strokes:
1. Freestyle (Front Crawl): Description: The fastest stroke. Swimmer lies prone (face down) in the water.
Arm Action: Alternating arm strokes, with one arm pulling underwater while the other recovers above water. The hand enters the water in front of the head, thumb first, and pulls back in a S-shape motion.
Leg Action (Flutter Kick): Alternating, continuous up-and-down leg movement from the hips, with relatively straight legs and relaxed ankles.
Breathing: Turning the head to one side (usually every 2 or 3 strokes) to inhale, then exhaling underwater.
2. Backstroke (Back Crawl): Description: The only stroke swum on the back.
Arm Action: Alternating arm strokes, similar to freestyle but performed on the back. The hand enters the water pinky finger first above the head and pulls through the water towards the hip.
Leg Action (Flutter Kick): Same as freestyle, but performed on the back.
Breathing: Continuous breathing (face is always out of water), but rhythmic breathing helps maintain stroke timing.
3. Breaststroke: Description: A symmetrical stroke where the body remains mostly flat in the water. It is slower but often considered a good stroke for beginners or for recreational swimming due to its efficiency and ability to keep the head out of water.
Arm Action: Arms extend forward, then sweep outwards, then pull inwards towards the chest, then recover forward in a gliding motion.
Leg Action (Whip Kick / Frog Kick): Legs draw up towards the buttocks, then feet push outwards and sweep around, bringing the legs together, before a glide. This action resembles a frog's kick.
Breathing: Inhaling as the head lifts out of the water during the arm pull, exhaling underwater during the arm and leg recovery.
4. Butterfly: Description: A powerful, undulating stroke, often considered the most difficult.
Arm Action: Both arms move simultaneously in a sweeping, circular motion from overhead entry, pulling back past the hips, then recovering above the water simultaneously.
Leg Action (Dolphin Kick): Both legs move together in a synchronized up-and-down motion, originating from the hips, resembling a dolphin's tail.
Breathing: Head lifts forward out of the water during the arm recovery to inhale, then exhales underwater.
Equipment in Swimming:
1. Swimsuit/Trunks: Specialized clothing for reduced drag and comfort in water.
2. Goggles: Protect eyes from chlorinated water and improve underwater visibility.
3. Swim Cap: Keeps hair out of the face, reduces drag, and helps keep hair dry for competitive swimmers.
4. Kickboard: A floating board used to isolate leg training (holding it with arms, only kicking).
5. Pull Buoy: A buoyant foam device placed between the legs to float them, isolating arm and core training.
6. Flippers/Swim Fins: Worn on the feet to increase propulsion and improve leg strength and ankle flexibility.
Various Events for Competition: Individual Events: Freestyle (e.g., 50m, 100m, 200m, 400m, 800m, 1500m) Backstroke (e.g., 50m, 100m, 200m) Breaststroke (e.g., 50m, 100m, 200m) Butterfly (e.g., 50m, 100m, 200m)
Individual Medley (IM): A single swimmer performs all four strokes in a specific order: Butterfly, Backstroke, Breaststroke, Freestyle (e.g., 100m IM, 200m IM, 400m IM).
Relay Events (Team Events): Freestyle Relay: Four swimmers each swim a freestyle leg.
Medley Relay: Four swimmers each swim a different stroke in a specific order: Backstroke, Breaststroke, Butterfly, Freestyle.
Officials in Swimming and Their Duties:
1. Referee: Overall control and authority over the competition; ensures rules are observed, settles disputes, and can disqualify swimmers.
2. Starter: Controls the start of each race; ensures fair starts, calls swimmers to the blocks, and sounds the starting signal.
3. Stroke Judge: Patrols the side of the pool, observes swimmers' strokes to ensure they comply with FINA rules (e.g., correct arm/leg action, breathing). Can report leg.
Medley Relay: Four swimmers each swim a different stroke in a specific order: Backstroke, Breaststroke, Butterfly, Freestyle.
Officials in Swimming and Their Duties:
1. Referee: Overall control and authority over the competition; ensures rules are observed, settles disputes, and can disqualify swimmers.
2. Starter: Controls the start of each race; ensures fair starts, calls swimmers to the blocks, and sounds the starting signal.
3. Stroke Judge: Patrols the side of the pool, observes swimmers' strokes to ensure they comply with FINA rules (e.g., correct arm/leg action, breathing). Can report violations to the Referee.
4. Turn Judge: Positioned at each end of the pool, observes turns and finishes to ensure they are executed correctly according to FINA rules for each stroke (e.g., two-hand touch for breaststroke/butterfly).
5. Timekeepers: Manually or electronically record the time taken by each swimmer in a race.
6. Chief Finish Judge: Determines the order of finish of swimmers, especially in close races.
7. Recorder: Records the results of each race, including times, places, and any disqualifications.
Safety Rules in Swimming:
1. Never swim alone; always have a buddy or swim in supervised areas.
2. Do not run around the poolside; surfaces can be slippery.
3. Always enter the water feet first in unfamiliar areas.
4. Obey all signs and instructions from lifeguards or pool attendants.
5. Do not push or dunk others underwater.
6. Avoid swimming immediately after a heavy meal or when feeling unwell.
7. Learn basic rescue techniques.
B. Gymnastics (Focus on Floor/Mat Activities)
Definition: Gymnastics is a sport that involves performing exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility, power, agility, coordination, and balance. For JSS3, the focus is on basic floor/mat exercises that do not require specialized apparatus. Classification of Gymnastics Activities (Floor/Mat focused): Locomotor Activities: Movements that involve changing position or location (e.g., walking, running, skipping, hopping, leaping, crawling). In gymnastics, this includes stylized runs, jumps, and turns.
Non-Locomotor Activities: Movements performed in place, without changing location (e.g., stretching, bending, twisting, swinging, balancing).
Manipulative Activities: Involving control of objects (e.g., ball, ribbon, hoop - common in rhythmic gymnastics, but less relevant for JSS3 floor/mat basics).
Specific Floor Skills: Can be classified by the type of movement: Rolls: Forward roll, backward roll, log roll.
Balances: V-sit balance, tripod stand, headstand (with spotter).
Jumps & Leaps: Star jump, tuck jump, simple leaps.
Weight Transfers: Bear walk, crab walk. Sequence of Each Gymnastics Skill (Examples for JSS3):
1. Forward Roll: Preparation: Stand with feet together, arms raised forward.
Execution: Squat down, place hands shoulder-width apart on the mat. Tuck head (chin to chest), pushing off with feet. Roll over the rounded back, keeping the body tucked.
Recovery: Come up to a squatting or standing position.
Spotting: A spotter can place one hand on the student's lower back to encourage the roll and the other on the back of the legs to help push over.
2. Backward Roll: Preparation: Sit on the mat with knees bent, arms bent at the elbows, hands near ears with palms up and fingers pointed towards shoulders.
Execution: Tuck chin, lean back, lift hips and push off with feet. Roll over the rounded back, keeping the body tucked. As shoulders touch the mat, push with hands to lift the head.
Recovery: Land in a squatting or standing position.
Spotting: A spotter can place hands on the student's hips to guide the roll and help push them over, ensuring the head lifts correctly.
3. Log Roll: Preparation: Lie flat on the back on the mat, arms extended overhead, legs straight and together.
Execution: Initiate a roll by reaching one arm across the body, leading with the shoulder, keeping the body straight and rigid. Roll over onto the stomach, then continue to roll onto the other side and back to the starting position.
Recovery: Maintain a straight, tight body position throughout the roll.
Spotting: Not typically required for a basic log roll if performed correctly in a clear space.
4. Tripod Stand (Assisted): * Preparation: Kneel down, place hands shoulder-width apart back on the mat, arms extended overhead, legs straight and together.
Execution: Initiate a roll by reaching one arm across the body, leading with the shoulder, keeping the body straight and rigid. Roll over onto the stomach, then continue to roll onto the other side and back to the starting position.
Recovery: Maintain a straight, tight body position throughout the roll.
Spotting: Not typically required for a basic log roll if performed correctly in a clear space.
4. Tripod Stand (Assisted): Preparation: Kneel down, place hands shoulder-width apart on the mat. Place the top of the head (forehead, not crown) on the mat, forming a triangle with hands.
Execution: Slowly lift knees off the mat, bringing them towards the chest. Place one knee gently on an elbow, then the other. Hold balance.
Recovery: Slowly reverse the movement, returning feet to the mat.
Spotting: A spotter kneels in front, supporting the student's hips or legs to prevent falling forward or backward.
Value of Gymnastics (Floor Activities):
1. Physical Fitness: Improves overall physical condition (strength, endurance).
2. Flexibility: Enhances range of motion in joints and muscles.
3. Strength: Builds muscle strength, especially in core, arms, and legs.
4. Balance and Coordination: Develops static and dynamic balance, and the ability to control body movements.
5. Agility: Improves quickness and ability to change direction.
6. Discipline and Focus: Requires mental concentration and perseverance.
7. Body Awareness: Increases understanding of one's own body movements and capabilities.
8. Self-Confidence: Successfully performing skills boosts self-esteem. Officials in Gymnastics (relevant to floor exercises):
1. Judges: Evaluate the performance based on a set of criteria including execution, difficulty, and artistry. They deduct points for errors and imperfections.
2. Referee/Jury President: Oversees the panel of judges, ensures fair judging, resolves disputes, and has the final decision on scoring. Safety Rules in Gymnastics (Floor Activities):
1. Always warm up properly before starting any activity.
2. Ensure mats are properly laid out and sufficient for the activity.
3. Perform skills only under direct supervision of a qualified teacher/coach.
4. Learn to fall safely (e.g., tucking and rolling).
5. Do not attempt skills beyond one's ability without a spotter.
6. Wear appropriate clothing (e.g., comfortable attire that allows movement).
7. Remove all jewelry, watches, and accessories before practice.
8. Listen to and follow instructions carefully.
A. Teacher Activities: Introduction (5 minutes): Review previous lesson on contact games (e.g., football, basketball). Introduce "Non-Contact Games" as activities where players generally do not physically interact or touch each other during play. State the objectives for the lesson. Concept Explanation & Discussion (25 minutes): Swimming: Explain the four basic swimming strokes (Freestyle, Backstroke, Breaststroke, Butterfly) using verbal descriptions and visual aids (pictures/diagrams if available, or drawing on the board). Demonstrate dry-land arm and leg actions for each stroke. Explain the common swimming equipment, their uses, and relevance (e.g., goggles to protect eyes from chlorinated water in pools like those in Abuja or Lagos recreation centres). List and explain various swimming competition events. List and describe the duties of key swimming officials (Referee, Starter, Stroke Judge). Discuss safety rules in swimming, emphasizing their importance in Nigerian contexts (e.g., riverine communities, public pools).
Gymnastics (Floor/Mat): Define gymnastics and its focus on strength, flexibility, and balance. Discuss the value of gymnastics using local examples (e.g., how flexibility helps in daily chores or other sports like dancing). Explain how to classify gymnastics activities (rolls, balances, jumps). Provide step-by-step verbal instructions and demonstrate basic floor activities (e.g., Forward Roll, Backward Roll, Log Roll, Tripod Stand - with a volunteer student or co-teacher if available). Emphasize proper form and safety. List and describe the duties of officials in gymnastics (Judges, Referee). Discuss safety rules specific to gymnastics, including the importance of proper mat usage and supervision. Practical Demonstration & Practice (40 minutes): Warm-up (5 minutes): Lead students in a general warm-up routine (stretching, light cardio).
Swimming Dry-land Practice (15 minutes): Guide students through dry-land demonstrations of arm and leg movements for each stroke. Observe and correct their form. Facilitate pair work where students observe and give feedback to each other.
Gymnastics Floor Activities (20 minutes): Set up floor mats (if available) in a safe, open area. Re-demonstrate each skill (Forward Roll, Backward Roll, Log Roll, simple balance like V-sit). Provide clear, step-by-step instructions. Supervise students as they practice these skills. Provide individual feedback and spotting where necessary, ensuring safety protocols are strictly followed. Encourage students to attempt skills within their comfort level.
Guided Practice & Q&A (15 minutes): Pose guided practice questions (as per Section 4). Facilitate class discussion to derive solutions. Address student questions and clarify misconceptions.
Conclusion & Assignment (5 minutes): Summarize key learning points on both swimming and gymnastics. Assign independent practice questions (as per Section 5).
B. Student Activities: Active Listening & Note-taking: Students listen attentively to explanations and take notes.
Verbal Participation: Students answer questions, recall information, and contribute to discussions.
Dry-land Demonstration: Students perform dry-land arm and leg movements for swimming strokes.
Listing & Identification: Students list swimming equipment, events, and officials, and identify their duties.
Practical Performance: Students perform basic gymnastics floor activities (Forward Roll, Backward Roll, Log Roll, V-sit, assisted Tripod Stand if mats and supervision are adequate).
Observation & Feedback: Students observe peers during practicals and provide constructive feedback.
Questioning: Students ask questions for clarification.
Problem Solving: Students engage with guided practice questions and offer solutions.
Homework: Complete independent practice questions.
Water Safety and Drowning Prevention (Swimming): In Nigeria, many communities are located near rivers, lakes, and the Atlantic coastline (e.g., Lagos, Rivers, Bayelsa states). Learning to swim is a critical life skill that can prevent drowning accidents, which are unfortunately common. The knowledge of swimming strokes and safety rules directly applies to personal safety when engaging in water-related activities like fishing, transport by boat, or recreational visits to beaches and rivers. It empowers individuals to respond effectively in emergency situations. Physical Fitness and Health Promotion (Swimming & Gymnastics): Both swimming and gymnastics are excellent forms of exercise that contribute significantly to overall physical fitness. In a country where lifestyle diseases are on the rise, engaging in these non-contact games helps to improve cardiovascular health, build strength, increase flexibility, and maintain a healthy weight. This knowledge can be applied by students to participate in local fitness clubs, community sports programs, or simply to incorporate regular physical activity into their daily routines, promoting long-term health and well-being, reducing the burden on the healthcare system. Recreation, Tourism, and Sports Development (Swimming & Gymnastics): Swimming is a popular recreational activity in hotels, resorts, and public pools across Nigerian cities. Skills learned in this lesson can enhance enjoyment and safety during leisure time, supporting the local tourism industry. Similarly, gymnastics, though less mainstream, offers opportunities for skill development that could lead to careers in sports coaching, competitive gymnastics (e.g., participating in National Sports Festival or even international events), or even performing arts. Encouraging participation can help identify and nurture talent, contributing to Nigeria's sports development goals.