Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 3
Utilities in the home
Utilities in the home
Term: 2nd Term
Week: 2
Class: Senior Secondary School 3
Age: 17 years
Duration: 40 minutes of 2 periods each
Date:
Subject: Home management
Topic:- Utilities in the home
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to
:
INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES
PERIOD 1-2
|
PRESENTATION |
TEACHER’S ACTIVITY |
STUDENT’S ACTIVITY |
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STEP 1 INTRODUCTION |
The teacher reviews the previous lesson on the wise purchasing |
Students pay attention |
|
STEP 2 EXPLANATION |
She highlights sources, use sand purifying Water for drinking She further explains electricity related terms and read meters |
Students pay attention and participates |
|
STEP 3 DEMONSTRATION |
She demonstrates how to use different electricity and household fuels correctly aid observe safety measures |
Students pay attention and participate |
|
STEP 4 NOTE TAKING |
The teacher writes a summarized note on the board |
The students copy the note in their books |
NOTE
UTILITIES IN THE HOME
Water is a universal solvent.
Sources of water
The two major sources of water are:
|
Natural source of water |
Artificial sources of water |
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Rain water |
Pipe-borne water |
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River water |
Dams |
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Stream water |
Wells |
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Pond |
Bore-hole |
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Spring water |
|
|
Ocean |
|
Qualities of good water supply
Water that is safe for drinking or health purposes is called potable or pure water.
The basic qualities of water are:
WAYS OF PURIFYING WATER
1 – Boiling
Boiling water is the cheapest and safest method of water purification.
In this method, clean water should be brought to boil and left at rolling-boil for 1-3 minutes. For people living in high altitude areas, it is recommended to boil your water for longer than water boiled at lower altitudes. This is because water boils at lower temperatures in higher altitudes. Boiled water should be covered and left to cool before drinking. For water drawn from wells, leave it for compounds to settle before you filter out clean water for use.
2 – Filtration
Filtration is one of the effective ways of purifying water and when using the right multimedia filters it’s effective in ridding water of the compounds. This method uses chemical and physical processes to purify water and make it safe for human consumption.
Filtration is considered effective when it comes to selective elimination of much smaller molecular compounds such as chlorine and pesticides. The other factor that makes filtration less costly is that it does not require a lot of energy needed in distillation and reverse osmosis. It is an economic method of water purification because little water is lost during purification.
3 – Distillation
Distillation is a water purification method that utilizes heat to collect pure water in the form of vapor. This method is effective by the scientific fact that water has a lower boiling point than other contaminants and disease-causing elements found in water. Water is subjected to a heat source until it attains its boiling point. It is then left at the boiling point until it vaporizes. This vapor is directed into a condenser to cool. Upon cooling, vapor is reversed into liquid water that is clean and safe for drinking.
This method is effective in removing bacteria, germs, salts and other heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic.
4 – Chlorination
Chlorine is an effective water purification method that kills germs, parasites and other disease-causing organisms found in ground or tap water. Water can be purified using chlorine tablets or liquid chlorine. As an off-the-shelf water purification product, chlorine is cheap and effective. However, caution should be taken when using chlorine liquid or tablets to treat drinking water. For example, people suffering from thyroid problems should talk to a medical practitioner before using this product.
ELECTRICITY RELATED TERMS
1. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
The flow of ever-present electricity in your home is made up of various circuits, which are in connected loops of electricity-conducting wires. These wires start and end at the electrical panel, and while the breaker is in the ON position, the circuit’s connection and power flow will be maintained.
There are many names for the electrical panel, from the service panel to the breaker panel. In homes, this panel can have upwards of a couple of dozen of switches called circuit breakers while there can be far more in commercial buildings.
The electrical panel is critical to your home’s safety, as the circuit breakers will trigger when a circuit’s electrical draw is too high, cutting off the flow of electricity. With this cut-off, your home is better protected from electrical fires.
As mentioned, the circuit breaker is a switch on the electrical panel. These switches connect the flow of electricity to their dedicated circuit. Often, a large room in the house such as the kitchen will have at least two dedicated circuit breakers as kitchens often have appliances that draw high amounts of energy.
These switches can go bad and need to be replaced by one of our electricians to ensure that your home is continually protected.
The jacket is simply the outer covering of the wire, usually, a rubberized material that does not conduct electricity so that the conductive wiring can be directed in orderly circuits.
Voltage (V) is the pressure or force of electricity that drives electricity through your electrical system. With a specialized tool, the voltage can be measured and corrected if it is too high or too low.
While a direct current needs an unbroken flow of electricity, this type of current produces a one-way flow of electricity that does not change direction. One of the easiest examples of direct currents is batteries, where the battery charges a device but does not receive energy in return.
An alternating current is an electrical current that will reverse the direction of its electrical flow regularly. This type of current is what utility companies provide to power homes and businesses.
When electricians talk about how much electrical energy is being used, you will likely hear the term watt or wattage thrown around. A watt is simply a unit of measurement that is used to define how much electrical energy is consumed in a second.
Items with high wattage, like incandescent light bulbs, will expend more energy, while low wattage LED bulb will cost you far less to use.
Another measurement of energy is the kilowatt-hour (kWh). This measurement helps to measure larger amounts of electricity usage, as one kWh equals 1,000 watts. Often, your home’s utility bills are measured in how many kWhs are used in a billing period.
Often, people think that the wattage of a bulb indicates how bright the light bulb will be when used. In reality, what you want to look at is the lumens of the bulb.
A lumen is a measurement that measures the brightness of the light bulb you are looking at putting in. A bulb that has a high amount of lumens will provide a greater amount of light.
To provide the home or commercial property with a safe place to dump electrical energy, a special type of wiring called a ground connects your electrical system to the earth. If you have older wiring or outlets, you may lack critical ground wires, and it is best to call in our electricians to install the proper wiring and grounded outlets.
12.GFCI OUTLET
A special type of outlet, the ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) outlet is usually installed in rooms that experience moisture such as bathrooms and kitchens. These outlets can protect you from electrical shocks and can act as a mini circuit breaker, interrupting the flow of electricity to keep you from being shocked if an electrical item you are using connects with water.
SAFETY MEASURES FOR ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES IN THE HOME
1. Always follow appliance instructions for improved electrical safety.
"Read the instructions" should top the list of electrical safety tips at home. Understanding home appliance safety improves both the performance of your device and your personal safety. Should any appliance give you even a slight electrical shock, stop using it until a qualified electrician checks it for problems.
Overloading an electrical outlet is a common cause of electrical problems. Check all outlets to ensure they are cool to the touch, have protective faceplates and are in proper working order.
Damaged power cords are a serious residential electrical safety risk, and they are capable of causing both fires and electrocution. All power and extension cords should be checked regularly for signs of fraying and cracking, and they should then be repaired or replaced as needed. Power cords should not be stapled into place or run under rugs and furniture.
Electrical safety tips don’t just apply to power cords when they’re in use—cords also need to be stored safely to prevent damage. Keep stored cords away from children and pets (who may chew on or play with the cords). Try to avoid wrapping cords tightly around objects; this can stretch the cord or cause overheating. Never rest a cord on a hot surface in order to prevent damage to the cord’s insulation and wires.
One of the simplest electrical safety tips is also one of the easiest to forget: when an appliance is not in use, unplug it. Not only does this save you power by reducing any phantom drain (the amount of energy the device consumes even when not actively in use), but unplugging unused appliances also protects them from overheating or power surges.
Water and electricity don’t mix well. To follow electrical safety rules, keep electrical equipment dry and away from water prevents damage to appliances and can protect against personal injury and electrocution. When working with electrical appliances, it’s important to have dry hands..
Without proper air circulation, electrical equipment can overheat and short out, and can become an electrical fire hazard. Make sure your appliances have proper air circulation, and avoid running electrical equipment in enclosed cabinets
Some appliances have exhaust fans, which can get dirty or clogged with debris and make the appliance work harder. This can shorten the life of the appliance and can cause a risk to the home due to overheating, or even cause a buildup of dangerous gasses that can lead to an electrical fire hazard. Cleaning exhaust fans regularly helps prevent such hazards.
Using the right bulbs can prevent electrical problems, so check all lamps, fixtures and appliances to ensure you’re using the correct wattage. If a light fixture has no wattage listed, use 60-watt bulbs or less. For unmarked ceiling fixtures, choose 25-watt bulbs.
Combustible items should be kept away from portable heaters and built-in furnaces. For furnace safety, store combustibles far away from any heating appliances. Portable heaters should not be operated close to drapes, and to prevent tipping, they should only ever be placed on a stable surface.
EVALUATION: 1a. What is water?
b. State three sources of water
c. How can water be purified?
2a. Enumerate and explain five electrical terms in the home
2b. List five safety measures to be observed when using electrical appliances in the home
CLASSWORK: As in evaluation
CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively