Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 3

TERM – 1^ST TERM

WEEK TWO

Class: Senior Secondary School 3

Age: 17 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Topic: METHODS OF FARM ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

I.)  Define introduction

II.) Identify the advantages and disadvantages of introduction

III.) Define selection

1. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of selection

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures,

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

NOTE

METHODS OF FARM ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT

1. INTRODUCTION

Introduction is a method of animal improvement, involves bringing in new animals from outside sources into a population or breeding program. These new animals possess desirable traits that are lacking or need improvement in the existing population.

Advantages of introduction

1. Introducing new animals can increase the gene pool, which can lead to greater genetic variability within the population.
2. Crossbreeding introduced animals with existing ones can result in hybrid vigor, where the offspring exhibit superior traits compared to the parent breeds.
3. Introduction of animals with traits such as higher milk yield, meat quality, or disease resistance can lead to improved productivity in the herd or flock.
4. Introducing animals from different environments can enhance the population's adaptability to various environmental conditions.

Disadvantages of introduction

1. Introducing new animals can also bring in diseases or pathogens that the existing population is not immune to, leading to disease outbreaks.
2. Introduced animals may carry undesirable traits that were not apparent during selection, which could negatively impact the overall performance of the population.
3. Mixing new animals with the existing population can disrupt social hierarchies within the herd or flock, potentially leading to aggression or stress.
4. There's no guarantee that introduced animals will perform as expected in the new environment, leading to variability in performance outcomes.

2. SELECTION

Selection is a method of animal improvement, involves the deliberate process of choosing animals with desirable traits to serve as parents of the next generation. This method aims to improve specific traits within a population over time through controlled breeding.

Advantages of selection

1. Selection allows breeders to focus on improving specific traits such as milk production, meat quality, disease resistance, or temperament, leading to overall better-performing animals.
2. Breeders have control over the genetic composition of the population by selectively breeding animals with desirable traits, thereby accelerating the rate of genetic improvement.
3. Selective breeding can be tailored to suit specific production goals or environmental conditions, enabling breeders to create animals that are better adapted to their intended use or local climate.
4. Over time, consistent selection for desired traits results in a population of animals that consistently exhibit those traits, leading to increased uniformity and predictability in performance.

Disadvantages of selection

1. Intense selection for specific traits may lead to a loss of genetic diversity within the population, which can reduce the ability of animals to adapt to changing environmental conditions or resist emerging diseases.
2. Inbreeding can occur when selection is focused on a limited number of superior individuals, leading to an increase in the frequency of undesirable recessive traits and potentially reducing overall fitness.
3. Selective breeding typically requires multiple generations to achieve significant improvements in desired traits, resulting in longer generation intervals and slower rates of genetic progress compared to other methods such as genetic engineering.
4. Selection for specific traits may inadvertently lead to the neglect of other important traits that are not actively being measured or selected for, potentially resulting in undesirable consequences in the long run.

EVALUATION: 1. Define introduction

2. Identify 4 advantages and disadvantages of introduction
3. Define selection
4. Identify 4 advantages and disadvantages of selection

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation.

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively