Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 3

Pathogens and parasites

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TERM – 1ST TERM

WEEK TEN

Class: Senior Secondary School 3

Age: 17 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: HEALTH EDUCATION

Topic: PATHOGENS AND PARASITES

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

I.) Define pathogens

II.) Identify the types of pathogens

III.) Define parasites

IV.) Identify the effects of pathogens and parasites.

V.) Identify control measures against pathogens and parasites

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures,

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY

STUDENT’S

ACTIVITY

STEP 1

INTRODUCTION

The teacher explains the meaning of pathogens and parasites and identify their types

Students listens attentively to the teacher                                                                          

STEP 2

EXPLANATION

Teacher discusses the effects and control measures against pathogens and parasites .

Students exhibit attentiveness and active engagement

STEP 3

NOTE TAKING

The teacher writes a summarized

note on the board

The students

copy the note in

their books

 

NOTE

PATHOGENS AND PARASITES

Pathogens

Pathogens are microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that can cause disease in humans, animals, and plants. Pathogens can be transmitted through various routes, including direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food or water, and insect vectors. Some common pathogens include:

  1. Bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that can cause bacterial infections such as strep throat, urinary tract infections, and food poisoning.
  2. Viruses: Tiny infectious agents that require a host cell to replicate and can cause viral infections such as the flu, common cold, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19.
  3. Fungi: Microorganisms such as yeasts and molds that can cause fungal infections like athlete's foot, ringworm, and yeast infections.
  4. Parasites: Organisms that live on or inside another organism (host) and benefit at the host's expense. Parasites can cause parasitic infections such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, and intestinal worms.

Parasites

Parasites are organisms that live on or inside another organism (host) and derive nutrients and protection from the host while potentially causing harm or disease. Parasites can be classified into different categories based on their relationship with the host and their mode of transmission:

  1. Endoparasites: Parasites that live inside the host's body, such as intestinal worms (helminths) and protozoa like Plasmodium, which causes malaria.
  2. Ectoparasites: Parasites that live on the surface of the host's body, such as ticks, fleas, lice, and mites.
  3. Protozoa: Single-celled parasites that can cause diseases like malaria, amoebiasis, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.
  4. Helminths: Multicellular parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals, including roundworms, tapeworms, flukes, and hookworms.
  5. Arthropods: Parasitic insects and arachnids that feed on blood or tissue fluids, such as mosquitoes etc

Effects of Pathogens and Parasites

  1. Pathogens and parasites can cause a wide range of diseases and infections in humans, animals, and plants.
  2. Pathogens and parasites can lead to serious health complications, including chronic conditions, organ damage, and long-term disability.
  3. Infectious diseases caused by pathogens and parasites can have significant economic consequences due to healthcare costs, lost productivity, and reduced agricultural yields.
  4. Pathogens and parasites pose public health threats by causing outbreaks and epidemics that can spread rapidly within communities and across regions, leading to widespread illness and mortality.

Control Measures Against Pathogens and Parasites

  1. Vaccination: Vaccines are effective in preventing many infectious diseases by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against specific pathogens.
  2. Hygiene Practices: Promoting good hygiene practices such as handwashing, proper sanitation, and food safety measures can help prevent the spread of pathogens.
  3. Vector Control: Controlling vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and flies through insecticides, habitat modification, and personal protective measures can reduce the transmission of vector-borne diseases.
  4. Antimicrobial Medications: Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitic drugs are used to treat infections caused by pathogens and parasites.
  5. Insecticides: Using insecticides to control vectors and reduce their populations, particularly in areas where vector-borne diseases are endemic..

EVALUATION: 1. Differentiate between pathogens and parasites

  1. Identify 4 effects of pathogens and parasites
  2. Mention 4 preventive measures against pathogens and parasites.

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively