Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 2

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Term: 3rd Term

Week: 5

Class: Senior Secondary School 2

Age: 16 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 2 periods each

Date:       

Subject:    Agriculture

Topic:-      Livestock management

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. Define cattle
  2. State the breeds of cattle
  3. Highlight the characteristics of cattle
  4. Discuss the systems of rearing cattle
  5. Outline how to feed cattle
  6. Discuss cattle management

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY

STUDENT’S ACTIVITY

STEP 1

INTRODUCTION

The teacher reviews the previous lesson on environmental physiology

Students pay attention

STEP 2

EXPLANATION

She defines cattle. She states the breeds of cattle. She further highlights the various breeds of cattle.

Students pay attention and participates

STEP 3

DEMONSTRATION

She discusses the systems of rearing cattle, how to feed them and general cattle management

Students pay attention and participate

STEP 4

NOTE TAKING

The teacher writes a summarized note on the board

The students copy the note in their books

 

NOTE

LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT(CATTLE)

Cattle are ruminant animal (they have complex or complicated stomach structures). They are reared for meat, milk, hide and skin, manure and draught animals for farm work.

 

BREEDS OF CATTLE

Breeds of cattle can be grouped into three. These are

  1. Beef cattle: They can produce good quality meat e.g SokotoGudali,  Red Bororo, Kuri, N’dama, Muturu, Keteku etc.
  2. Dairy cattle: They are reared mainly to produce milk e.g White Fulani, Jersey, Ayshere, etc.
  3. Dual purpose cattle: They can produce meat and milk e.g Muturu, Wadara (Shuwa) etc.

 

CHARACTERISTICS OF CATTLE

  1. They are large bodied animals.
  2. Most male and female cattle have horns some are polled.
  3. They are either humped or humpless.
  4. They calf at least once in a year.
  5. They have a gestation period of about 275-283 days (9  months).
  6. The female produces a calf in one parturition.

 

SYSTEMS OF REARING CATTLE

  1. EXTENSIVE SYSTEM

This is the system in which the herdsmen move about with their cattle from one place to another in search of food and water.

 

  1. SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM

In this system, housing is provided and they are allowed to move about a fenced compound with pasture. They spend more time outside their pens.

 

  1. INTENSIVE SYSTEM

In this system, the cattle are confined within a building with little access to grazing.

 

FEEDING

  1. The feed for cattle must be a balanced diet; they are grazers.
  2. Cattle feed mainly on roughages (grasses and legumes). Common grasses that can be fed on by cattle include elephant grass, guinea grass and giant star grass etc.
  3. Cattle should be fed on concentrate feed to supply the required nutrient in their diet.
  4. Zero-grazing or rational grazing can be practiced.
    1. Zero grazing grasses are cut and taken to the cattle in their pens.
    2. Rational grazing-cattle are moved about in paddocks as they graze on the pasture.
  5. Other feeds that can be fed to cattle include hay, silage, strawe.t.c.
  6. Dairy cattle should be given more concentrate than the beef cattle

 

MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE

  1. BREEDING TO CALVING (BIRTH)

Breeders are housed in the breeders’ house. The house is made up of railed wall and concrete floors. Bulls and heifers should be at least 24 month before they are bred. The cow or heifers should be proper fed on concentrate as well as roughages. The bull is introduced to the cow when she is on heat. Gestation period is about 283 days. During gestation, the cow is made to eat in the ranch so as to exercise its body. Special diet is given to cows 8 weeks to calving for milk production after birth. This is called steaming up. The cow is taken to calving.

 

  1. BIRTH OF CALF TO WEANING

During parturition, the cord from the navel breaks on its own. Iodine solution should be applied to the navel stump to prevent infection. The animal should be helped to suck milk from the mother’s udder. The first milk called colostrum is secreted by the mammary gland and it gives young animals natural immunity against diseases. Calf should be vaccinated against diseases and de-worm at intervals. Those not for breeding are castrated.

 

  1. WEANING TO FINISHING

The weaned calf is fed with concentrate and roughages. The de-horning or dis-budding is performed for easy handling of the cattle when they grow up. De-horning can be done by using hot iron to burn out the horn bud or by applying caustic soda to the horn bud. Saw can also be used to cut off the horn and later treated with iodine. Branding and tattooing is later done for the purpose of identification of the calf. Ear notching can also be used for identification.

 

EVALUATION:   1. Define cattle 

  1. State the breeds of cattle; Give two examples of each                              breed
  2. State the characteristics of cattle
  3. Discuss the systems of rearing cattle
  4. How are cattle fed?
  5. Highlight the management techniques for cattle

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively