TERM – 3^RD TERM

WEEK THREE - FOUR

Class: Senior Secondary School 2

Age: 16 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: Technical Drawing

Topic: CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF PARTS OF BUILDING E.G FOUNDATION, WALL OPENINGS, JAMB, SILL, LINTEL

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

I.) Identify the parts of a building.

II.) Discuss the floor and identify its types

III.) Discuss the wall and identify its types.

IV.) Discuss the wall and identify its types.

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures,

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION	TEACHER’S ACTIVITY	STUDENT’S ACTIVITY
STEP 1 INTRODUCTION	The teacher introduces and identify the major parts of a building to the students.	Students listens attentively to the teacher
STEP 2 EXPLANATION	Teacher guide students to construct the parts of the building.	Students exhibit attentiveness and active engagement
STEP 3 NOTE TAKING	The teacher writes a summarized note on the board	The students copy the note in their books

NOTE

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF PARTS OF BUILDING E.G FOUNDATION, WALL OPENINGS, JAMB, SILL, LINTEL

Parts of a Building

Buildings, whether towering skyscrapers or quaint cottages, are intricate structures composed of various essential parts. Each component plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability, functionality, and aesthetics of the edifice. From the foundation that anchors it to the ground to the roof that crowns it. Basically, a building has three main parts. These includes:foundation, wall, and roof.

FOUNDATION

This is the solid structure that is in direct contact with the ground, and on which the whole building is erected. A good foundation has the following parts in it:

1.) Foundation footing: It is the part of the foundation that sits on the ground. It is above it that the building walls are erected. It is made up of stones, cement and sand mixture.

2.) Hardcore: This is the part of the foundation that is made up of big stones which are used to fill the spaces between the foundation trenches. It makes the floor to be very solid and resistant to failure.

3.) Concrete slab or bed: This is the concrete mixture that is made up of gravels mixed with sand and cement. This concrete mixture is used to cover the surface of the hardcore so that is looks leveled.

4.) Damp proof course (DPC): It is a thin layer of water resistance material that is laid above the concrete slab in order to prevent water moisture from reaching the floor surface and damaging it during wet seasons. DPC is made of asphalt, bitumen, polythene membrane (nylon bag), PVC,

concrete slate, etc.

5.) Sand screed: This is very soft sand mixed with cement that is used to cover the surface of the DPC before it is covered with either cement paste or floor tiles as floor finish.

6.) Floor joist: It is the solid horizontal wooden support on which a wooden floor board is laid and held to place by nailing. It is like the beam that supports the roof of a house.

7.) Wall plate: This is a wooden support that is laid on the short block wall that rises from the foundation footing. It is on this wall plate that the floor joist is laid before placing the wooden floor board on them. Wall plate acts like a short absorber to wooden floors.

8.) Vent block: This is an arrangement of some blocks between the block wall from the foundation footing and the main wall of the house. Between these two walls is the wall plate, floor joist and the floor board. This can only be seen in wooden floor and not concrete floor.

Types Of Foundation

There mainly four types of foundation. They are strip, raft, pile and pad foundations. They are briefly explained below.

1.) Strip foundation: This is a type of foundation where by continuous concrete mixture is poured inside foundation trenches to form long foundation footing. The height of the concrete forms the footing’s thickness inside the foundation trenches. Then, wall is erected on it.

2.) Raft foundation: In this type of foundation, concrete material is poured

from the foundation trenches to the surface of the ground. Then, the concrete layer on the ground surface is continued till it covers the entire surface of the area that the building will stand. It is made stronger by reinforcing it with iron rods.

3.) Pile foundation: In this type of foundation, square, rectangualr or circular holes are drilled into the ground. Solid concrete blocks or bars are forced into these holes to produce solid support from the stronger part of the soil inside th ground. Then, the pile of these concrete blocks provides the solid support that the floor would need to stand firm on a swarmpy or soft soil surfaceof ground.

4.) Pad foundation: This type of foundation is used when buiding a structure that needs not touch the ground. In other words, the foundation is made up of columns of piers, standing on a square, circular, or rectangular footing buried in the ground.

WALL

This is the part ofa buidling that divides the floor into rooms, provides security, warmth, and privacy to people. There arer two types of walls namely:

1.) The load bearing walls: These carries other loads like the roof, beams and upper floors.

2.) Non-load bearing walls: These are used mainly to divide the floor into rooms.

Other parts of the wall are:

I.) Bonding: This is the name given to the arrangement of block in horizontal lines. Each horizonatal line is called a Course. The bonding material is called Mortar and it is made of a mixture or cement, water

and moderate grade sand.

II.) Plastering: Is the process of using morter to cover the inside and outside of the wall to make it look smooth. Plastering is made from a mixture of cement, fine sand and water.

III.) Rendering: Is another form of plastering. It is used to cover the faces of walls on the outside alone, when attempting to give the house an aesthetic look.

ROOF

A roof is the top covering of a building, providing protection from weather elements like rain, snow, sunlight, and wind. It's an essential part of any structure, offering structural support and insulation while also contributing to the building's aesthetics. Roof designs can vary greatly depending on factors such as climate, architectural style, and materials used.

Types of roof

There are five important types of roofs, these include:

1.) Gable Roof: A gable roof is one of the most common roof types. It consists of two sloping sides that meet at a ridge, forming a triangular shape at each end.

2.) Hip Roof: A hip roof has slopes on all four sides, with each side meeting at a ridge. The slope of a hip roof is gentler than that of a gable roof, providing better stability in windy conditions.

3.) Flat Roof: As the name suggests, a flat roof has little to no slope. While not as common in residential buildings, flat roofs are often used in commercial and institutional structures, including schools. They are relatively inexpensive to construct and provide additional outdoor space for activities such as rooftop gardens or solar panel installations.

4.) Shed Roof: A shed roof, also known as a mono-pitched or lean-to roof, consists of a single slope that slopes downward from one side of the building to the other.

5.) Gambrel Roof: A gambrel roof, commonly seen on barns and colonial-style homes, has two distinct slopes on each side. The lower slope is steeper, while the upper slope is shallower.

EVALUATION: 1. Identify the 3 major parts of a building.

Make a sketch of pile foundation.
Mention 5 importance ya foundation to a building.

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively

Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 2