Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 2

The skin

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TERM – 3RD TERM

WEEK TWO

Class: Senior Secondary School 2

Age: 16 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: Biology

Topic: THE SKIN

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. Identify the functions of the mammalian skin
  2. Identify the care of the mammalian skin

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY

STUDENT’S

ACTIVITY

STEP 1

INTRODUCTION

The teacher discusses the functions of the mammalian skin

Students pay

attention

STEP 2

EXPLANATION

Teacher explain the care of the mammalian skin to the students

Students pay

attention and

participate

 

STEP 3

DEMONSTRATIO

N

The teacher shall mount the skin of a mammal on the microscope.

Students should observe and identify the different part

 

STEP 4

NOTE TAKING

The teacher writes a summarized

note on the board

 

The students

copy the note in

their books

 

NOTE

THE SKIN

Structure and functions of the mammalian skin

 Structure of Mammalian Skin:

  1. Epidermis:

       I. Structure:

     - Outermost layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

     - Contains layers of cells, including keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells.

       II. Functions:

     - Forms a protective barrier against pathogens, UV radiation, and physical damage.

     - Regulates water loss from the body.

  1. Dermis:

       I. Structure:

     - Located beneath the epidermis.

     - Composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.

     - Contains collagen and elastin fibers for strength and elasticity..

       II. Functions:

     - Supports and nourishes the epidermis.

     - Houses sensory receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

     - Regulates body temperature through blood vessels and sweat glands.

  1. Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue):

       I. Structure:

     - Below the dermis, composed of adipose (fat) tissue and connective tissue.

       II. Functions:

     - Provides insulation and padding.

     - Serves as an energy storage site.

     - Connects the skin to underlying structures.

      

Functions of Mammalian Skin:

  1. Protection:

   - Epidermis: Forms a physical barrier against pathogens, harmful chemicals, and physical injury.

   - Melanin: Protects against UV radiation.

  1. Thermoregulation:

   - Sweat Glands: Produce sweat for evaporative cooling.

   - Blood Vessels: Dilate or constrict to regulate heat exchange.

  1. Sensation:

   - Nerves in Dermis: Detect touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

  1. Metabolic Functions:

   - Vitamin D Synthesis: UV exposure in the skin triggers the production of vitamin D.

   - Blood Supply: Supports nutrient delivery and waste removal.

  1. Excretion:

   - Sweat Glands: Eliminate waste products and regulate electrolyte balance.

  1. Immune Defense:

   - Langerhans Cells: Act as immune cells in the epidermis, detecting and responding to pathogens.

Care of the mammalian skin

Proper care of mammalian skin is essential for maintaining its health, function, and overall well-being. The following are some major aspects of skin care:

  1. Hygiene:

   - Regular Cleansing: Gently clean the skin with mild soap and water to remove dirt, sweat, and bacteria.

   - Bathing: Bathe regularly to prevent the buildup of oils and bacteria. However, avoid excessive bathing, as it can strip the skin of natural oils.

  1. Moisturization:

   - Use of Moisturizers: Apply moisturizers to prevent dryness and maintain skin hydration. Choose products suitable for your skin type.

   - Hydrate Internally: Drink an adequate amount of water to support skin hydration from within.

  1. Sun Protection:

   - Sunscreen: Use sunscreen with a sufficient SPF to protect the skin from harmful UV rays. Apply it to exposed skin, even on cloudy days.

   - Avoid Sun Exposure: Limit exposure to direct sunlight, especially during peak hours.

  1. Healthy Nutrition:

   - Balanced Diet: Consume a balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which contribute to skin health.

   - Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Include foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids for skin nourishment.

  1. Avoidance of Harsh Chemicals:

   - Gentle Products: Use gentle and hypoallergenic skincare products to avoid irritation.

   - Avoid Harsh Chemicals: Be cautious with products containing harsh chemicals that may strip the skin of natural oils.

  1. Protection from Environmental Factors:

   - Clothing: Wear appropriate clothing to protect the skin from environmental elements, such as cold weather and pollution.

   - Humidity Control: Maintain a comfortable humidity level in indoor environments.

  1. Regular Skin Checks:

   - Self-Examinations: Conduct regular self-examinations for any changes in moles, freckles, or the appearance of new spots.

   - Professional Examinations: Schedule periodic skin checks with a dermatologist, especially if there's a history of skin issues or skin cancer in your family.

  1. Wound Care:

   - Prompt Treatment: Clean and treat any cuts or wounds promptly to prevent infections.

   - Avoid Scratching: Minimize scratching to prevent further irritation and potential scarring.

EVALUATION: 1. Identify 4 functions of the skin

  1. Identify 4 care of the mammalian skin.

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively