Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 2

Endocrine glands

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TERM – 3RD TERM

WEEK ONE

Class: Senior Secondary School 2

Age: 16 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: Biology

Topic: ENDOCRINE GLANDS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. Define endocrine glands
  2. Identify major endocrine glands in the body
  3. Identify the functions of endocrine glands
  4. Identify the effects of under secretion and over secretion of endocrine glands.

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY

STUDENT’S

ACTIVITY

STEP 1

INTRODUCTION

The teacher introduces endocrine glands by observing the distribution of endocrine glands on charts and photograph

Students pay

attention

STEP 2

EXPLANATION

Teacher identify the major endocrine glands in the body and also explain the functions of endocrine glands in the body

Students pay

attention and

participate

 

STEP 3

DEMONSTRATIO

N

Teacher discusses the effects of over secretion and under secretion of endocrine glands.

 

Students pay

attention and

participate

STEP 4

NOTE TAKING

The teacher writes a summarized

note on the board

 

The students

copy the note in

their books

 

NOTE

REGULATION OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CONTINUES ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Endocrine glands are specialized organs in the human body that produce and release hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to regulate various physiological functions and maintain homeostasis. Unlike exocrine glands, which release their products through ducts, endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Key endocrine glands in the human body include:

  1. Hypothalamus: Located in the brain, it produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
  2. Pituitary Gland: Often referred to as the "master gland," it produces and releases a variety of hormones that control other endocrine glands.
  3. Thyroid Gland: Found in the neck, it produces hormones (thyroid hormones) that regulate metabolism and growth.
  4. Parathyroid Glands: Located near the thyroid, they produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.
  5. Adrenal Glands: Situated on top of each kidney, they produce hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline that regulate stress response, metabolism, and electrolyte balance.
  6. Pancreas: Functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. The endocrine part produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.
  7. Ovaries (in females): Produce hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and secondary sexual characteristics.
  8. Testes (in males): Produce testosterone, which regulates the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.

Functions of endocrine glands

Below is a tabular representation highlighting the functions of key endocrine glands and their associated hormones:                                                          

Endocrine glands

Functions

Hormones

Hypothalamus

 Coordinates with the pituitary gland, regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian rhythms. Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones.                                                                    

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

Pituitary Gland

Often called the "master gland," it controls other endocrine glands. Regulates growth, thyroid function, adrenal function, and reproductive processes.                                                                  

Growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and more  

Thyroid Gland

Regulates metabolism and energy production. Produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin.  

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), calcitonin   

Parathyroid Glands

Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH).                         

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 

Adrenal Glands

 - Adrenal Cortex: Regulates metabolism, helps the body respond to stress, and controls salt and water balance. - Adrenal Medulla: Involved in the "fight or flight" response.                                                

 - Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol, Aldosterone

- Adrenal Medulla: Adrenaline, Noradrenaline

Pancreas

Regulates blood sugar levels. Produces insulin (lowers blood sugar) and glucagon (raises blood sugar).    

Insulin, Glucagon

Ovaries (in females)

Regulates the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and secondary sexual characteristics. Produces estrogen and progesterone.        

 Estrogen, Progesterone       

Testes (in males)

 Regulates the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics. Produces testosterone.

 Testosterone   

                             

 

Effects of under-secretion or over-secretion of endocrine glands.

The under-secretion or over-secretion of endocrine hormones can have significant effects on the body's physiological functions and overall health.

Under-Secretion (Hyposecretion):

  1. Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid):

   - Effect: Slowed metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, cold intolerance, and potential impact on mood and cognitive function.

   - Cause: Insufficient production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.

  1. Type 1 Diabetes (Insulin Deficiency):

   - Effect: Inadequate insulin production leads to high blood sugar levels, causing excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and fatigue.

   - Cause: Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

  1. Addison's Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency):

   - Effect: Weakness, fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances.

   - Cause: Insufficient production of adrenal hormones (cortisol and aldosterone).

Over-Secretion (Hypersecretion):

  1. Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid):

   - Effect: Increased metabolism, weight loss, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, and potential impact on mood and cognitive function.

   - Cause: Excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.

  1. Cushing's Syndrome (Excess Cortisol):

   - Effect: Weight gain, particularly in the face and abdomen, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and mood disturbances.

   - Cause: Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, often due to adrenal tumors or prolonged use of corticosteroid medications.

  1. Acromegaly (Excess Growth Hormone):

   - Effect: Enlargement of bones and tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, and face.

   - Cause: Overproduction of growth hormone, often due to a tumor in the pituitary gland.

  1. Hyperaldosteronism (Excess Aldosterone):

   - Effect: High blood pressure, fluid retention, and potassium loss.

   - Cause: Excessive production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands.

EVALUATION: 1. Define endocrine glands

  1. Identify 5 endocrine glands found in the body
  2. Identify 5 Functions of endocrine glands.

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively