Animal Husbandry - Senior Secondary 2 - Formulation of livestock ration

Formulation of livestock ration

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TERM: 2ND TERM

WEEK THREE

Class: Senior Secondary School 2

Age: 16 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Topic:  FORMULATION OF LIVESTOCK RATION

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

I.)  Identify the methods of ration formulation

II.)  Identify the ingredients for ration formulation

III.)  Identify the factors to consider in formulation of animal ration.

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures,

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY

STUDENT’S

ACTIVITY

STEP 1

INTRODUCTION

The teacher explains  the methods of ration formulation and identify ingredients for ration formulation e.g. blood meal, fish meal, cotton seed meal, bone meal, oyster shell, ground nut cake, maize grain, palm kernel cake etc..

Students listens attentively to the teacher                                                                          

STEP 2

EXPLANATION

Teacher describe the factors to consider in formulation of animal ration

Students exhibit attentiveness and active engagement

STEP 3

NOTE TAKING

The teacher writes a summarized

note on the board

The students

copy the note in

their books

 

NOTE

FORMULATION OF LIVESTOCK RATION

Methods of ration formulation

  1. Pearson's Square Method: A graphical method used to determine the proportion of two feeds needed to make a desired mixture with a specific nutrient content.
  2. Algebraic Method: Formulating rations using mathematical equations based on nutrient requirements and ingredient composition.
  3. Least-Cost Formulation: Balancing nutrient requirements while minimizing the cost of the ration.
  4. Computerized Formulation: Using specialized software to formulate rations based on nutrient requirements, ingredient availability, and cost constraints.

Identification of ingredients for ration formulation

  1. Blood meal: A high-protein byproduct of animal slaughter, rich in essential amino acids.
  2. Fish meal: A protein-rich ingredient made from ground-up fish, providing essential amino acids and minerals.
  3. Cottonseed meal: A byproduct of cottonseed oil production, high in protein but may contain gossypol, which can be toxic to some animals.
  4. Bone meal: Ground bones, a good source of calcium and phosphorus.
  5. Oyster shell: A source of calcium, commonly used to supplement poultry diets for eggshell formation.
  6. Groundnut cake: Also known as peanut meal, a protein-rich byproduct of peanut oil extraction.
  7. Maize grain: A cereal grain, high in carbohydrates, commonly used as an energy source in animal diets.
  8. Palm kernel cake: A byproduct of palm oil extraction, containing protein and energy but may have low protein digestibility.

Factors to consider in formulation of animal ration

  1. Nutrient requirements: Different animals have varying nutrient needs based on factors like species, age, weight, and production stage.
  2. Ingredient availability: The cost and availability of ingredients influence ration formulation.
  3. Cost-effectiveness: Balancing nutrient requirements with the cost of ingredients to optimize feed efficiency.
  4. Palatability: Animals must find the ration acceptable to encourage adequate intake.
  5. Digestibility: Ensuring the ingredients are digestible and provide nutrients efficiently.
  6. Health and safety: Avoiding ingredients that could be harmful or toxic to the animals.

EVALUATION: 1. Discuss briefly all the methods used for ration formulation.

  1. Discuss 8 ingredients for ration formulation.
  2. Mention 5 factors to consider in formulation of animal ration.

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively