Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 2

TERM – 2^ND TERM

WEEK TEN

Class: Senior Secondary School 2

Age: 16 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: Geography

Topic: SOIL

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

1. Explain soil
2. Classify and describe types of soil
3. Describe various stages of soil
4. Examine the benefits of soil to man.

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers,

demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

NOTE

SOIL

Soil is the upper layer of the Earth's crust, composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. It serves as a crucial medium for plant growth and plays a fundamental role in various ecological processes. Soil formation is a complex process influenced by factors like climate, topography, parent material, organisms, and time.

Classification and Description of Types of Soil

The soil is classified into the following types:

1. Sandy Soil: It has large particles, well-drained, poor water retention. Suitable for plants that thrive in well-drained conditions.
2. Clay Soil: Clay has small particles, retains water, tends to be heavy and compact. It requires amendments for better drainage; suitable for certain crops.
3. Silt Soil: It is characterized by intermediate-sized particles, good water retention, fertile.Suitable for a variety of crops; benefits from organic matter.
4. Loamy Soil: It is characterized by a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay; well-drained and fertile. It is ideal for a wide range of plants; often considered the best for gardening.

Stages of Soil

1. Weathering: Mechanical and chemical processes break down rocks into smaller particles over time.
2. Addition of Organic Material: Decomposed plant and animal matter enrich the soil with organic content.
3. Leaching: Water movement through the soil profile, carrying away soluble minerals.
4. Illuviation: Accumulation of leached materials in lower soil horizons.
5. Horizon Development: Formation of distinct soil horizons (layers) with unique characteristics.
6. Soil Profile Maturation: Gradual development and stabilization of soil properties over time.

Benefits of Soil to Man

The following are benefits of soil to man:

1. Soil provides a vital medium for plant growth, supporting agriculture and the production of food crops.
2. Soil acts as a natural filter, purifying water as it percolates through the ground.
3. Soil is home to a diverse community of microorganisms that contribute to nutrient cycling and ecosystem health.
4. Soil, when properly stabilized, can be used in construction for making bricks, adobe, and other building materials.
5. Soil stores a significant amount of carbon, playing a role in carbon sequestration and mitigating climate change.
6. Soil supports outdoor activities and contributes to the aesthetic appeal of landscapes and gardens.
7. Soil serves as a source of various minerals essential for human activities, including agriculture and industry.

EVALUATION: 1. What is soil?

2. Classify and describe the 4 types of soil.
3. Identify 5 stages of soil and explain them
4. Identify 5 benefits of soil to Man.

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively