Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 2

TERM – 2^ND TERM

WEEK TEN

Class: Senior Secondary School 2

Age: 16 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: Biology

Topic: The Liver

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

1. Describe the structure, functions and diseases of liver
2. Identify the effects of liver diseases and its remedies

iii. Describe the processes of metabolism in deamination, carbohydrates and lipids.

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

NOTE

THE LIVER

The liver is a large, reddish-brown organ located in the upper right side of the abdomen. It plays a crucial role in the body's metabolism and performs various functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and the production of bile for digestion. The liver is essential for maintaining homeostasis and overall health.

Functions of the liver

The liver performs crucial functions in the body, including:

1. Metabolism: It processes nutrients from the digestive system, converting them into energy, storing glycogen, and regulating blood sugar levels.
2. Detoxification: The liver filters and detoxifies harmful substances, including drugs and toxins, from the blood.
3. Protein Synthesis: It produces proteins necessary for blood clotting and maintaining fluid balance.
4. Storage: The liver stores vitamins, minerals, and sugars for later use.

Diseases of the liver

Common liver diseases include:

1. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C).
2. Cirrhosis: Long-term scarring of the liver tissue, often due to chronic liver disease or excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Fatty Liver Disease: Accumulation of fat in liver cells, commonly linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome.
4. Liver Cancer: Primary liver cancer or metastatic cancer from other organs can affect the liver.

Effects of liver diseases and remedies

Liver diseases can have various effects on your health, including fatigue, jaundice, and digestive issues. To maintain liver health:

1. Healthy Diet: Consume a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Limit processed foods, saturated fats, and added sugars.
2. Hydration: Drink plenty of water to help flush toxins from your body.
3. Limit Alcohol: Excessive alcohol can harm the liver. If you drink, do so in moderation.
4. Regular Exercise: Engage in regular physical activity to support overall health and liver function.
5. Avoid Toxins: Minimize exposure to environmental toxins and chemicals.

Processes and metabolism of deamination and metabolism of carbohydrate and lipids

Deamination

Deamination is a process that primarily involves the removal of an amino group from amino acids. This process is crucial for regulating nitrogen balance in the body. The amino group is often converted into ammonia or ammonium ions, which are then detoxified in the liver through the urea cycle. The remaining carbon skeletons can be used for energy production through pathways like gluconeogenesis or enter the Krebs cycle for further metabolism.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism involves the breakdown of carbohydrates into simpler sugars, such as glucose, which can then be used for energy. Key processes include glycolysis, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, and the subsequent steps leading to the production of ATP through cellular respiration. Insulin and glucagon, hormones from the pancreas, play a vital role in regulating blood glucose levels. Excess glucose can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles for later use.

Lipid Metabolism

Lipid metabolism encompasses the processes of lipid digestion, absorption, and utilization. Dietary fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol through digestion. Fatty acids can undergo beta-oxidation to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle for energy production. Excess fatty acids may be stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue. Lipid metabolism is also involved in the synthesis of various lipids, including phospholipids and cholesterol, which are essential for cell structure and function.

EVALUATION: 1. Mention 3 liver diseases

2. Identify 4 functions of the liver
3. Describe the metabolism in carbohydrates.

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively