Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 2

TERM – 1^ST TERM

WEEK FIVE

Class: Senior Secondary School 2

Age: 16 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: Geography

Topic: CLIMATE 2

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

1. Identify factors affecting climate.
2. Koppen’s classification of climate.
3. Identify and explain the major and subcategories of Koppen’s classification system
4. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of the classification type

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers,

demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION	TEACHER’S ACTIVITY	STUDENT’S ACTIVITY
STEP 1 INTRODUCTION	The teacher  refreshes the students memories about the concept, climate and discusses the factors that affects climate.	Students, in groups, identify factors affecting climate.
STEP 2 EXPLANATION	Teacher discusses the köppen's classification of climate and explains the categories and subcategories of köppen's classification system of the climate	Students in pairs describe the Greek/Koppen classification of climate  and explain the major and subcategories of Koppen’s classification system
STEP 3 DEMONSTRATIO N	Teacher discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the köppen's classification system of the climate.	Students, as a whole enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of the classification types Students, as a whole draw map of the world and inset the climatic regions based on the Koppen’s classification.
STEP 4 NOTE TAKING	The teacher writes a summarized note on the board	The students copy the note in their books

 

NOTE

CLIMATE 2

Factors affecting climate

Several factors influence climate, contributing to the variations in temperature, precipitation, and other weather patterns. Here are some key factors affecting climate:

1. Latitude: Distance from the equator affects the amount and intensity of sunlight received.
2. Altitude (Elevation): Higher elevations generally have cooler temperatures due to lower air pressure.
3. Ocean Currents: Currents transfer heat across the oceans, impacting coastal climates.
4. Wind Patterns: Prevailing winds distribute heat and moisture, influencing climate in specific regions.
5. Proximity to Water Bodies: Oceans and large lakes moderate temperatures, leading to milder climates.
6. Topography: Features like mountains affect rainfall patterns and create rain shadows.
7. Vegetation: Forests, deserts, and other types of vegetation influence local climate conditions.
8. Human Activities: Urbanization, deforestation, and industrialization can alter local and regional climates.

 Koppen's classification of climate

The Köppen Climate Classification system, developed by climatologist Wladimir Köppen. Köppen's classification is based on a subdivision of terrestrial climates into five major types, which are represented by the capital letters A, B, C, D, and E. Each of these climate types except for B is defined by temperature criteria.

 He identified five major climatic groups which correspond with the five principal vegetation groups. They are represented by capital letters as follows:

A type-Tropical rainy climate

I.This is a moist and hot climate.

II.It has average monthly temperature above 18oC.

III.It has heavy rainfall throughout the year which exceeds annual evaporation.

B type-Dry climates

1. I.The annual evaporation exceeds annual rainfall.
2. It lacks surplus water and aridity is pronounced.
3. No river flows permanently in this region.

C type-Warm temperature rainy climates (Humid geothermalclimates)

1. The average temperature of the coldest month is below 18⁰C but above -3⁰C.
2. The average temperature of the warmest month is over 10oC.
3. It hasboth summer and winter seasons.

D type-Snowy and cold climates (Cold snow forest climate)

1. The average temperature of the coldest month is below 30C.
2. The average warmest month is above 100C.
3. It has frozen ground and snow cover for several months duration.

E type-Polar climates (Ice climate)

1. The average temperature of the warmest month is below 100C.
2. There is lack of warm season.
3. Precipitation is in the form of snow.

The five major climatic groups described above are further subdivided into different

sub-groups for each of the climate thus:

1. A has Af, Am and Aw sub-groups.
2. B has Bs and Bw sub-groups.
3. C has Cw, Cs and Cf sub-groups.
4. D has Df and Dw subgroups.
5. E has ET and EF sub-groups.

Guide to understanding the climatic sub-groups:

The small letters f, s, w and m reflect how seasonal precipitation is and they mean the following:

f = no dry season generally

s = no dry season in summer

w = no dry season in winter

m = moderate dry season in winter and summer.

The capital letters of S and W show the two subdivisions of:

 Dry climates.

S = means Steppe or semi desert

W = means desert or arid.

In polar climates

T = means Tundra.

F = means Ice Cap.

Advantages of Köppen's Classification of Climate

1. Köppen's system provides a straightforward and simple way to categorize climates based on temperature and precipitation patterns.
2. It is applicable globally, allowing for a standardized classification that can be used across different regions and continents.
3. Köppen's classification is helpful for a broad understanding of climate types, making it accessible to a wide audience, including non-specialists.
4. The system has been in use for over a century, providing a historical context and continuity in climate classification.

Disadvantages of Köppen's Classification of Climate

1. The system oversimplifies climate by using only two climatic factors (temperature and precipitation), neglecting other important variables such as wind patterns, humidity, and altitude.
2. Köppen's classification may not capture microclimates or variations within a region, which can be significant for localized studies.
3. Climate change and variability are not explicitly considered in Köppen's system, making it less suitable for analyzing dynamic climate shifts.
4. Determining the boundaries between climate types can be subjective and may vary depending on the interpreter, leading to inconsistencies in classification.

EVALUATION: 1. Identify t factors that affect climate.

2. Briefly explain all the categories of köppen's classification system of the climate
3. Mention 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of köppen's classification system of the climate.

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively