Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 1

Carbon and its compounds IV

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Term: 3rd Term

Week: 5

Class: Senior Secondary School 1

Age: 15 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:       

Subject:      Chemistry

Topic:-       Carbon and its compounds IV

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. Define hydrocarbons
  2. Discuss the tetravalency of carbon
  3. Highlight the characteristics features of organic compounds
  4. Define hybridization, homologous series and functional groups
  5. Define and explain the types of isomerism

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY

STUDENT’S ACTIVITY

STEP 1

INTRODUCTION

The teacher reviews the previous lesson on the oxides of carbon and carbonates

Students pay attention

STEP 2

EXPLANATION

He defines hydrocarbons and discusses the tetravalency of carbons. He further highlights the characteristic features of organic compounds

 

Students pay attention and participates

STEP 3

DEMONSTRATION

He defines hybridization, homologous series and functional groups. He also defines and explains they types of isomerism

Students pay attention and participate

STEP 4

NOTE TAKING

The teacher writes a summarized note on the board

The students copy the note in their books

 

NOTE

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only two elements- carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbons can be classified as

 

  1. Aliphatic – (cyclic or acyclic)
  2. Aromatic

 

Tetravalency of carbon

A carbon atom completes its octet only by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms. As a result, a carbon atom forms four covalent bonds by sharing valence electrons with other atoms. This is known as tetravalency of carbon ("tetra" means four).

 

Why Does Carbon Form a Large Number of Compounds?

  1. its ability to catenate. Catenation is the ability of carbon to combine with one another to form straight chains, branch chains and ring compounds containing many carbon atoms
  1. The ease with which it bonds with other elements
  2. Its Ability to Form Single, Double and Triple Covalent Bonds
  3. The stability of the carbon-carbon single, double and triple bonds

Characteristic features of organic compounds

  1. Organic compounds are generally covalent and hence they do not dissolve in water (polar solvents) but dissolve in organic solvents (non-polar solvents) such as ether, alcohol, benzene etc.
  2. Due to maximum catenation and tetravalency of carbon, they have tendency to form long open and closed chain compounds.
  3. They are volatile, inflammable and possess low boiling points and melting points.
  4. Some organic compounds exhibit the phenomenon of polymerization. For example, ethylene polymerizes to poly ethylene.
  5. They are non-conductors of electricity.

 

HYBRIDIZATION

This is the joining together of two or more orbital of the same principal quantum number to form a new set of orbitals that are degenerate or equivalent

Homologous series

A homologous series is a family of organic compounds which follows a regular structural pattern in which each successive member differs in its molecular formula by –CH2 or a molecular mass of 14

 

Characteristics

  1. Similar method of preparation
  2. Differ in their molecular formula by CH2 or a molecular mass of 14
  3. Similar chemical properties and a graduation in their physical property
  4. The same functional group and the same general formula

 

FUNCTIONAL GROUP

A functional group is a group of atoms or bonds common to the series of organic compounds and determines the chemical properties of the series

Alkyl groups

The general term alkyl group includes all groups derived from the alkanes by the loss of a hydrogen. Examples CH3-methyl, CH3CH2-ethyl, CH3CH2CH2 -propyl

Saturated and unsaturated compounds

  1. If an organic compound contains atoms joined only by single bonds, the compound is said to be saturated.
  2. If it contains carbon atoms joined by double or triple covalent bonds, it is said to be unsaturated

 

Isomerism

This is the existence of organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Types of isomerism

  1. Chain Isomerism

It is also known as skeletal isomerism. Chain isomers differ in the branching of carbon. Example; C5H12

  1. Position Isomerism

The positions of the functional groups or substituent atoms are different in position isomers. Example; C3H7Cl

  1. Functional Isomerism

it refers to the compounds that have the same chemical formula but different functional groups attached to them. Example: C3H6O

  1. Geometric Isomerism

It is popularly known as cis-trans isomerism. These isomers have different spatial arrangements of atoms in three-dimensional space. Example; But-2-ene molecule is provided

  1. Optical Isomerism

Compounds that exhibit optical isomerism feature similar bonds but different spatial arrangements of atoms forming non-superimposable mirror images. These optical isomers are also known as enantiomers.

EVALUATION:    1. Define hydrocarbons

  1. Discuss the tetravalency of carbons
  2. Highlight three characteristic features of organic                    compounds
  3. Write short notes on
  1. homologous series
  2. hybridization
  3. functional groups

       5. Give an example each of

  1. saturated hydrocarbons
  2. unsaturated hydrocarbons

      6. Define Isomerism

      7. List and explain the types of Isomerism

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively