Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 1

Mining

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Term: 3rd Term

Week: 2

Class: Senior Secondary School 1

Age: 15 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 2 periods each

Date:       

Subject:      Economics

Topic:-       Mining

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. Define “mining” and the “mining sector”
  2. Explain the components of the mining sector
  3. Discuss the categories of minerals in Nigeria and their locations
  4. Explain the uses of some mining products
  5. List the positive and negative effects of mining

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY

STUDENT’S ACTIVITY

STEP 1

INTRODUCTION

The teacher reviews the previous lesson on the Agricultural marketing boards

Students pay attention

STEP 2

EXPLANATION

She explains the meaning of mining, mining sector and its components. She discusses the categories of minerals in Nigeria and their locations

Students pay attention and participates

STEP 3

DEMONSTRATION

She explains the uses of some mining products. She further lists the positive and negative effects of mining

 

Students pay attention and participate

STEP 4

NOTE TAKING

The teacher writes a summarized note on the board

The students copy the note in their books

 

NOTE

MINING

Mining is the process of extracting useful minerals and metals from the surface of the earth, including the seas
Examples are crude oil, gold, gravel, iron ore, diamond, coal, limestone, copper etc .

MINING SECTOR

Mining sector is made of all industries dedicated to finding the location of mining site, and extraction of valuable metal and mineral reserves from the earth for commercial purpose.

 

COMPONENTS OF MINING SECTOR

  1. Exploration And Mining(upstream): This sector of the economy is made up of the activities of mining and exploration companies. It is the process of finding mineral deposits in commercial viable quantity.
  2. Processing and beneficiation (midstream): this sector comprises of activities that transform minerals from their natural form into finished or semi-finished goods. Example; the activities of cement companies that transform limestone into cement, the activities of gold company that changes the raw gold to gold cup or gold watch.
  3. Marketing and transportation: this comprises of activities of wholesalers, retailers,agents, and sales personnel who ensure that outputs from mining activities get to the consumer/ end user.

CATEGORIES OF MINERALS IN NIGERIA.

 

Category

Mineral

Location

Industrial

Barite

 

Kaolinite

 

Limestone

 

Gypsum

 

Benue, plateau, Cross River.

Imo, Enugu, Ondo, Edo.

Sokoto, Bauchi, Gombe, Benue.

 

Imo, Kogi, Adamawa, Bayelsa.

Energy

Coal

 

 

Lignite

 

Uranium

 

Enugu, Anambra,Venue, Delta.

 

Enugu, Delta.

 

Cross River, Akwa ibom, Bayelsa.

Metallic Ore

Gold

 

Diamond

 

Copper and silver

 

 

Iron ore

 

Lead-Zinc

Osun, Abuja, Niger, Kebbi.

Kastina.

 

Kano, Gombe, Abia, Nasarwa, Taraba.

 

Kogi, Abia, Plateau, Kwara.

 

Ebonyi, Akwa Ibom.

 

 

Special Stones (Gemstone)

Sapphire

 

 

Emerald

 

Tourmaline

 

Garnet

 

Yobe, plateau, Taraba, Bauchi,Kaduna.

 

Kogi, Taraba, Bauchi, Osu

 

Plateau,(Jos), Oyo.

 

Oyo,Osun, Bauchi.

Construction

Gravel.

 

Granite.

 

 

Bitumen.

Calabar, Uyo,Niger , Abia, plateau

Enugu, Ebonyi, Kogi, Plateau, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Nasarawa and Ekiti 

Ogun, Ondo, Edo, Lagos

 

 

 

MINING PRODUCTS AND THEIR USES

Product

Uses

GOLD.

 

DIAMOND

 

SILVER.

 

COAL

Medals, Statue and Jewellery, watches, trophy.

Cutting, drilling, engrave names, jewellery.

 

Silverware, jewellery, coins.

 

Cooking, electricity.

GYPSUM

GRANITE

KAOLINITE.

EMERALD

SAPPHIRE

 

Wallboard, cement, p.o.p. etc.

It is used in building, bridges, tiles. etc.

Paper, cement ,rubber, ceramics.

Gemstones are used to make jewelry, relieving stress, increase mental alertness, connection, vision, strengthens the immune system.

 

 

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF MINING

  1. Revenue Generation: taxes, royalties, licenses on mining activities are sources of revenue generation to the government.
  2. Raw materials for industries: raw materials like limestone is used by cement industries, granite and gravel for construction companies.
  3. Improvement of standard of living: money earned from minerals is used to provide social and basic amenities which improve the well-being of the people.
  4. Foreign exchange earning: the export of minerals like petroleum, coal, tin etc, provides foreign exchange for the country as well as a favourable balance of payment.
  5. B: balance of payment is a financial statement or record showing the relationship between a country’s total payments to other countries and its receipts from them in a year.
  6. Employment opportunities: mining provides jobs for different components of the sector.

 

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MINING

  1. Deforestation

Mining often leads to the deforestation of large areas. In order to meet the worldwide demand for resources, mining companies have to expand their territories which means turning forest land into land that can be mined.  

  1. Effects through the food chain

The adverse effects of mining on animals and plants get human beings affected since we are likely to consume them in later stages of the food cycle. For example, when we consume fish that is contaminated with hard chemicals, we can also suffer diseases since we get contaminated by these hard chemicals or heavy metals as well.

  1. Air pollution

Mining also leads to air pollution. For mining purposes, big machines are often used in order to make the mining process more effective and to reduce the physical work for miners. However, these machines emit large amounts of harmful gases that are injurious to human health.

  1. Erosion

Since mining often includes the extraction of metals and other resources deep under the  earth surface, it can lead to serious erosions. These erosions may in turn lead to a state where the eroded land is no longer suitable for human use like housing or farming since the soil is too instable and poses too many dangers of further erosion.

  1. Hearing issues

Hearing damages are another quite common effect when it comes to working in mines. Some machines that are used for mining purposes can be quite loud. If the workers are not properly protected, they can suffer from severe hearing losses.

 

SOLUTIONS TO NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MINING

  1. Government regulations

One important measure against the potential adverse effects of mining on our environment are government regulations and restrictions. Authorities have to make sure that mining is done in a responsible manner. This includes the protection of workers and also the protection of the local wildlife and plants.

 

  1. Reduce consumption

Our excessive consumption levels also contribute to the problems caused by mining. In our daily life and in our society in general, everyone wants to have the newest smartphone, the hippest clothes and so on. However, this also encourages the manufacturers of phone to increase their production capacity.

 

  1. Education

Education is another crucial measure against mining and its adverse effects on the environmental system. We have to show people how harmful mining can be to our planet. This education should start at a quite young age. By educating school children,.they are likely to also convince their parents and so also parents are likely to pay more attention to this issue and act accordingly.

 

  1. Proper waste disposal

Correct waste disposal is vital to curbing the environmental impact of mines, as some mining companies do not dispose of their waste according to guidelines. Companies can invest in equipment that helps in turning waste into reusable material, as well as adopting policies that allow for a more eco-friendly waste disposal routine.

 

  1. Improving the efficiency of manufacturing processes:

By closely monitoring the standard mining supply chain, mining sector will be forced to confront the ways in which a company can improve its efficiency by seeing exactly where the organisation is lacking in terms of sustainability and mining initiative, thus reducing the hazardous effects of mining sites on the environment.

 

EVALUATION:    1. Define “Mining” and “mining sector”

  1. State the components of the mining sector
  2. Highlight the categories of minerals and their locations in Nigeria
  3. List four positive and negative effects of mining

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively