Term: 3^rd Term

Week: 1

Class: Senior Secondary School 1

Age: 15 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 2 periods each

Date:

Subject: Home management

Topic:- Fabric construction methods

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Discuss the meaning of fabric.
Investigate different fabric construction methods
Explain the steps involved in each of the construction methods
Construct pieces of fabric using different methods (practical)

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION	TEACHER’S ACTIVITY	STUDENT’S ACTIVITY
STEP 1 INTRODUCTION	The teacher reviews the previous lesson on creating a textiles and stitches album	Students pay attention
STEP 2 EXPLANATION	She discusses the meaning of fabric and talks about the different methods of fabric construction	Students pay attention and participates
STEP 3 DEMONSTRATION	She outlines the guidelines for each method of fabric construction	Students pay attention and participate
STEP 4 NOTE TAKING	The teacher writes a summarized note on the board	The students copy the note in their books

NOTE
FABRIC CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Fabric construction refers to the way in which the yarns or fibers are organized and combined to create a fabric. It involves various techniques, such as weaving, knitting, nonwoven processes, or other specialized methods, depending on the desired fabric structure and properties. The fabric construction process influences factors such as fabric strength, stretch, drape, breathability, and texture.

TYPES OF FABRIC CONSTRUCTION

Weaving: Weaving is the most common method of fabric construction, involving the interlacement of warp and weft yarns. It produces woven fabrics with different weave structures such as plain weave, twill weave, satin weave, and complex dobby or jacquard weaves.

Warping the loom

Step 1

Start by tying the end of a length of cotton string to the top left corner of the loom.

Step 2

Keeping the cotton string tight, bring it straight down and loop it around the opposite notch at the bottom of the loom. Take the string back up to the top and loop it around the next notch.

Repeat this process until you reach your desired width – this base is called the warp.

Step 3

Tie the string off to the last warp thread. The tension of the threads should be fairly tight. You can learn more about the anatomy of the weaving loom in our more detailed guide.

Tabby weaving

Step 1

Cut a small piece of card to the width of the loom, then weave it through the warp threads, over one thread, then under the next. Repeat until you reach the opposite side.

Thread the needle with your chosen length of yarn and knot it around the first warp thread at one side, just above the piece of card.

Step 2

Thread the needle under the next warp thread, then back up and over the next. Repeat along the width of the warp, going over and under – this creates the weft.

Step 3

To weave the next row, repeat Step 2, this time going over the warp threads you went under, and under those you went over.

Step 4

When weaving, try to not pull the yarn too tightly as this will bring the edges of the weave in and cause it to narrow. One way to prevent this is by pulling the yarn through at a 45º angle, bringing the needle down to make a hill. Using a comb or a fork push the middle down, and gently push each hill down, as you go. This will give the correct tension.

Knitting: Knitting involves creating loops of yarns to form interconnected rows of stitches. It results in knitted fabrics that can be categorized as weft-knit or warp-knit, each with its specific characteristics, stretch, and texture.

GUIDELINES FOR KNITTING

Step 1: Tie Yarn Onto Knitting Needle

Begin by knotting your yarn onto your needle.

Attach the yarn to one needle with a slip knot. Tighten the knot, but not too tightly—you want it to be able to move a little up and down the needle. You only need to make one slip knot.

Step 2: Cast On

Casting on is beginning the first row of stitches.

Creating your first row of stitches from the slip knot is called casting on. To do this, insert the second knitting needle (the one that you didn’t tie the slip knot onto) into the slip knot and place this needle behind the first.

Taking the yarn attached to the ball of yarn, loop it around and behind the back needle. Using the tip of the back needle, take it through the first slip knot. Transfer the new loop created onto the first needle.

Repeat until you have as many stitches as you need for the pattern or project you’re following. If you’re beginning by creating a knitting swatch for practice, it doesn’t really matter how many stitches you create at first—around 20-30 is a good number that’ll allow you to practice.

Step 3: Knit Your First Row

Knit your first row of plain stitches.

To knit your first row, follow a similar method to how you cast on. However, instead of creating a row of knots (stitches) on one needle, this time you’ll be transferring each new stitch, and the original stitches they connect to, onto the second needle.

Step 4: Knit a Purl Row

So far, you have been learning how to knit what are called “plain” stitches (sometimes also called knitting stitches, but that can be confusing because all the stitches are knitting!). If you continue to knit only with plain stitches, your finished product will have the same texture on both sides, which is called a garter stitch. Your piece will look something like this:

A swatch made with plain stitch will look like this.

However, there are two types of stitches in knitting. All items, however complex the design, are made with one (or a combination) of these two stitches. The second type of stitch is called the “purl” stitch. By alternating rows of plain and purl stitches, your swatch will look like this:

A combination of plain and purl stitches creates this look.

Plain and purl stitches can be combined in different ways to create different types of textures, effects, and designs. For example, ribbing:

Ribbing is created by combining plain and purl stitches in a particular order.

Knitting a purl stitch isn’t difficult—essentially, it’s knitting a plain stitch backward. Bring the yarn to the front of your work, then insert the needle into the stitch and push it through the front. Bring the yarn over the top of the needle and around, and slide it through so that the stitch comes onto the second needle.

Knitting a purl stitch.

Step 5: Cast Off

When you’ve completed your piece, you need to cast off.

Once you’ve created your swatch or other piece of knitting and are ready to finish, you can’t simply pull your knitting needles out of the stitches—that would cause the piece to unravel! You need to cast off, the opposite of casting on. (This is sometimes called binding off, too.) You should only cast off on a row with plain stitches, not purl stitches.

To cast off, knit two stitches onto the new needle. Take the first of these two new stitches and loop it over the second stitch. Continue this process, always having two stitches to work with on the second needle.

When you get to the last stitch, pull the yarn up to create a longer loop:

Create a loop with the last stitch.

Remove the needle and knot the final stitch to secure the end, so your hard work doesn’t unravel.

Nonwoven Processes: Nonwoven fabrics are produced by bonding or interlocking fibers together using mechanical, chemical, or thermal methods. Nonwoven processes include techniques such as needle punching, thermal bonding, spunbonding, and meltblowing.

EVALUATION: 1. Discuss the meaning of fabric construction

State and explain the different methods of fabric construction
Outline the guidelines for these methods of fabric construction

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively

Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 1