Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 1

Operating System II

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Term: 2nd Term

Week: 9

Class: Senior Secondary School 1

Age: 15 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 2 periods each

Date:       

Subject:      Data Processing

Topic:-       Operating system II

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. State and explain the types of operating systems
  2. Enumerate some examples of operating systems

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, pictures, Data Processing for senior Secondary Education by Hiit Plc, WAPB Computer Studies for Senior Secondary I by Adekunle et al, On-line Materials.

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY

STUDENT’S ACTIVITY

STEP 1

INTRODUCTION

The teacher reviews the previous lesson on the meaning and objectives of an operating system

Students pay attention

STEP 2

EXPLANATION

He states and explains the various types of operating system

 

 

Students pay attention and participates

STEP 3

DEMONSTRATION

He enumerates the various examples of operating system

 

Students pay attention and participate

STEP 4

NOTE TAKING

The teacher writes a summarized note on the board

The students copy the note in their books

 

NOTE

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

  1. Batch Operating System

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and groups them into batches.

Advantages of Batch Operating System

  1. It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to complete. Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is in the queue.
  2. Multiple users can share the batch systems.
  3. The idle time for the batch system is very less.
  4. It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.

Disadvantages of Batch Operating System

  1. The computer operators must be acquainted with the batch systems.
  2. Batch systems are hard to debug.
  3. It is sometimes costly.
  4. The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.

Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank Statements, etc. 

 

  1. Multi-Programming Operating System

Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as more than one program is present in the main memory and any one of them can be kept in execution. This is basically used for better execution of resources.

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

  1. Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.
  2. It helps in reducing the response time.

Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

  1. There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with the system.

 

  1. Multi-Processing Operating System

Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating System in which more than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It betters the throughput of the System.

Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

  1. It increases the throughput of the system.
  2. As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed with another processor.

Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

  1. Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult to understand.

 

  1. Multi-Tasking Operating System

Multitasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming Operating System with having facility of a Round-Robin Scheduling Algorithm. It can run multiple programs simultaneously.

There are two types of Multi-Tasking Systems which are listed below.

  1. Preemptive Multi-Tasking
  2. Cooperative Multi-Tasking

Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

  1. Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-Tasking Operating System.
  2. It comes with proper memory management.

Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

  1. The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times.

 

  1. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems.. 

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS

  1. Each task gets an equal opportunity.
  2. Fewer chances of duplication of software.
  3. CPU idle time can be reduced.
  4. Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to share hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals, reducing the cost of hardware and increasing efficiency.
  5. Improved Productivity: Time-sharing allows users to work concurrently, thereby reducing the waiting time for their turn to use the computer. This increased productivity translates to more work getting done in less time.
  6. Improved User Experience: Time-sharing provides an interactive environment that allows users to communicate with the computer in real time, providing a better user experience than batch processing.

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS

  1. Reliability problem.
  2. One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data.
  3. Data communication problem.
  4. High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead than other operating systems due to the need for scheduling, context switching, and other overheads that come with supporting multiple users.
  5. Complexity: Time-sharing systems are complex and require advanced software to manage multiple users simultaneously. This complexity increases the chance of bugs and errors.
  6. Security Risks: With multiple users sharing resources, the risk of security breaches increases.

Examples of Time-Sharing OS with explanation

IBM VM/CMS, TSO (Time Sharing Option), Windows Terminal Services etc

 

  1. Distributed Operating System

This type of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, at a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.

Advantages of Distributed Operating System

  1. Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are independent of each other.
  2. Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
  3. Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
  4. Load on host computer reduces.
  5. These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network.
  6. Delay in data processing reduces.

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

  1. Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.
  2. To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-defined yet.
  3. These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet.

Examples of Distributed Operating Systems are LOCUS, etc. 

  1. Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of operating systems allow shared access to files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a small private network.

Advantages of Network Operating System 

  1. Highly stable centralized servers.
  2. Security concerns are handled through servers.
  3. New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system.
  4. Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems.

Disadvantages of Network Operating System 

  1. Servers are costly.
  2. User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
  3. Maintenance and updates are required regularly.

Examples of Network Operating Systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, BSD, etc. 

  1. Real-Time Operating System

These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time. 
Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc. 

Advantages of RTOS

  1. Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and systems, thus more output from all the resources.
  2. Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems is very less. For example, in older systems, it takes about 10 microseconds in shifting from one task to another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
  3. Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance on applications that are in the queue.
  4. Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size of programs is small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
  5. Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
  6. Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types of systems.

Disadvantages of RTOS  

  1. Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is very less on a few applications to avoid errors.
  2. Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so good and they are expensive as well.
  3. Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to write on.
  4. Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and interrupts signal to respond earliest to interrupts.
  5. Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are very less prone to switching tasks.

Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.

EVALUATION:   1. Enumerate and explain the various types of operating                               system

  1. State the advantages and disadvantages of each type                   of operating system
  2. Give one example of each

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively