Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 1

TERM – 2^ND TERM

WEEK SIX

Class: Senior Secondary School 1

Age: 15 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: Biology

Topic: ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

1. Explains ecological management.
2. Identify and discuss types of Association.
3. Describe the adaptive Features of organisms in an association.

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers,

demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:  Videos, loud speaker, textbook, picture

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

NOTE

ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT

Ecological management involves sustainable practices to conserve and restore ecosystems, emphasizing biodiversity, natural processes, and human well-being. It aims to balance environmental protection with human activities for long-term ecological health.

Types of Association

1. Symbiosis is a close and long-term interaction between two different biological species. It can be categorized into three main types:

i. Mutualism: In mutualism, both species involved benefit from the relationship. Example: Bees and flowers, where bees get nectar, and flowers get pollinated.

ii. Parasitism: Here one species (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (host). Example: Tick on a dog, where the tick gets blood, and the dog is harmed.

2. Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, known as the predator, hunts, kills, and consumes another organism, the prey. This interaction is crucial for maintaining balance in ecosystems by controlling the population of prey species. Examples include lions hunting gazelles or spiders catching insects in a web. Predation plays a significant role in shaping the structure and dynamics of ecological communities.

3. Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two species where one species benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed. In other words, it's a one-sided relationship where the benefiting organism gains something from the association, while the other remains unaffected. Examples include:

i. Epiphytic Plants: Plants like orchids growing on trees benefit by obtaining support and better access to sunlight, while the host tree is generally unaffected.

ii. Remoras and Sharks: Remoras, also known as suckerfish, attach themselves to sharks. They benefit by getting free transportation and access to food scraps, while the shark is not significantly affected.

4. Amensalism is a type of biological interaction between two species where one organism is negatively affected, and the other is unaffected. Unlike other symbiotic relationships, amensalism is characterized by a one-sided impact. Examples include:

i. Allelopathy: Certain plants release chemicals into the soil that inhibit the growth of nearby competing plants, negatively affecting them without benefiting the allelopathic plant.

ii. Walnut Trees and Nearby Plants: Walnut trees produce a chemical, juglone, which can inhibit the growth of certain nearby plants without any benefit to the walnut tree.

Adaptive Features of organisms in an association

Organisms in an association often exhibit adaptive features to enhance their survival. Examples include:

1. Camouflage: Some organisms develop colors or patterns to blend into their surroundings, providing protection from predators.
2. Mimicry: Species may evolve to resemble another organism, gaining benefits such as protection or access to resources.
3. Symbiosis: Organisms may form mutualistic relationships, where each partner benefits. For instance, bees and flowers have a symbiotic relationship based on pollination.
4. Specialized Structures: Adaptations like specialized beaks, claws, or appendages help organisms perform specific functions, such as obtaining food or defending against predators.
5. Behavioral Adaptations: Species develop behaviors that enhance survival, like migration, hibernation, or forming social groups for protection.
6. Biochemical Adaptations: Organisms may evolve biochemical mechanisms for survival, such as the production of toxins or resistance to specific environmental conditions.

EVALUATION: 1. What is ecological management

2. Identify 4 types of Association and give examples of organisms involved.
3. Mention 4 adaptive Features of organisms in an association.

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively