Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 1

Chemical combinations III

Get it on Google Play
Get it on the Apple App Store
  1. Home
  2. Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term
  3. Senior Secondary 1
  4. Chemical combinations III

Term: 2nd Term

Week: 3

Class: Senior Secondary School 1

Age: 15 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:       

Subject:      Chemistry

Topic:-       Chemical combinations III

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. Explain the states of matter and their properties
  2. Discuss the kinetic theory and its applications

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY

STUDENT’S ACTIVITY

STEP 1

INTRODUCTION

The teacher reviews the previous lesson on weak bonds and naming compounds

Students pay attention

STEP 2

EXPLANATION

He explains the three states of matter and outlines their properties

 

Students pay attention and participates

STEP 3

DEMONSTRATION

He discusses the kinetic theory and its applications

Students pay attention and participate

STEP 4

NOTE TAKING

The teacher writes a summarized note on the board

The students copy the note in their books

 

NOTE

CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS
STATES OF MATTER

Matter exists in three forms as solids, liquids and gases.

SOLIDS

  1. Have fixed volume
  2. fixed shape
  3. they are incompressible
  4. they do not flow

LIQUIDS

  1. Have fixed volume
  2. no fixed shape
  3. takes the shape of container
  4. Incompressible
  5. flow easily

GASES

  1. have no fixed volume
  2. no fixed shape,
  3. Compressible
  4. flows in all direction

THE KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER

  1. All particles move randomly and continuously in a straight line
  2. The particles are of negligible in size and volume
  3. The intermolecular force of attraction between the gaseous molecules are negligible

 

  1. Collisions between particles are elastic. i.e energy is conserved
  2. The average kinetic energy of all particles is directly proportional to absolute temperature

 

APPLICATION OF KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

DIFFUSION is the spreading and mixing of particles in gases and liquids.

Diffusion of gases

Bromine drops are placed into a jar. Another jar full of air is placed on top of jar with bromine, separated with cover. Cover is removed and bromine evaporates, filling both jars with dense reddish-brown bromine vapour.

Explanation: Bromine particles move from lower jar into spaces between air particles in upper jar. At the same time, air particles move down from upper jar to mix with bromineparticles in lower jar. Eventually, bromine and air particles are mixed completely.

 

Diffusion of liquids

CuSO4 crystals placed in beaker of water, blue particles of the crystals are spread throughout the water to form uniformly blue solution.

Factors Affecting Rate of Diffusion

  1. Temperature The higher the temperature, the more particles of matter absorb energy making them move faster, the higher the rate of diffusion; the lower the temperature, the slower the rate of diffusion
  2. Mass of particles Greater mass, the slower it diffuses; Smaller mass, the faster it diffuses A cotton soaked in


aqueous ammonia and another soaked in hydrochloric acid are placed on opposite sides of the tube. NH3 vapor and HCl vapour diffuse in the tube and a compound is produced inside the tube closer to HCl soaked cotton as the particles are heavier. The greater the mass, the slower particles diffuse. The smaller the mass, the faster particles diffuse.

  1. SOLID particles are packed close together in orderly arranged manner such that space between them is negligible. They can vibrate but cannot move freely about their fixed position
  2. PARTICLES IN LIQUID are packed closely but not orderly arranged. They have little empty spaces between them than in solid particles. They are not held fixed but free to move throughout liquid particles
  3. PARTICLES IN GAS are far apart and in random arrangement. They are free to move anywhere in the container

 

CHANGES THAT COULD OCCUR IN SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

  1. Melting is change from solid to liquid by absorbing heat to break force of attraction holding particles together. The temperature at which solid melts to liquid is melting point
  2. Freezing is the change of liquid to solid by cooling down of liquid. Freezing point is the temperature at which liquid freezes.
  3. Boiling is the change of liquid to gas by absorbing heat to break the forces holding them together. It is the temperature at which liquid boils.
  4. Evaporation is change of liquid to gas without boiling, this occurs below boiling point on water surface. It gives cooling effect. Heat energy is absorbed from surroundings.
  5. Condensation is the change of gas to liquid. Heat energy is given out as gas particles slow down and move closer to one another to form liquid.
  6. Sublimation is the change of solid to gas without melting. Heat is absorbed.

EVALUATION:    1. State three properties each of

  1. Solid
  2. Liquid
  3. Gas

2. State the kinetic particle theory of matter

3. Using an illustration, discuss diffusion of gases

4. Explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion

5. List and explain four changes that may happen to matter       

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively