Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary 1

Term: 1^st Term

Week: 2

Class: Senior Secondary School 1

Age: 15 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:       

Subject:      Chemistry

Topic:-       Introduction to Chemistry II

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

1. Outline the adverse effects of chemistry
2. Discuss the scientific method

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

NOTE

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY I

Adverse effects

1. Drug Abuse: Many drugs like cocaine, morphine, heroin, etc.; when abused (wrongly used) can cause damage to the body.
2. Pollution: One of the main adverse effects of chemical industries is the pollution of the environment by:

Chemical wastes from chemical and petrochemical industries. Crude oil spillage, exhaust from motor vehicles.

Plastic containers - They are not biodegradable (not decomposed by bacteria) thereby causing soil pollution.

The Scientific Method

The Scientific method is a process with the help of which scientists try to investigate, verify, or construct an accurate and reliable version of any natural phenomena. They are done by creating an objective framework for the purpose of scientific inquiry and analysing the results scientifically to come to a conclusion that either supports or contradicts the observation made at the beginning.

Scientific Method Steps

The aim of all scientific methods is the same; to analyse the observation made at the beginning. Still, various steps are adopted per the requirement of any given observation. However, there is a generally accepted sequence of steps in scientific methods.

1. Observation and formulation of a question:This is the first step of a scientific method. To start one, an observation has to be made into any observable aspect or phenomena of the universe, and a question needs to be asked about that aspect. For example, you can ask, “Why is the sky black at night? or “Why is air invisible?”
2. Data Collection and Hypothesis: The next step involved in the scientific method is to collect all related data and formulate a hypothesis based on the observation. The hypothesis could be the cause of the phenomena, its effect, or its relation to any other phenomena.
3. Testing the hypothesis: After the hypothesis is made, it needs to be tested scientifically. Scientists do this by conducting experiments. The aim of these experiments is to determine whether the hypothesis agrees with or contradicts the observations made in the real world. The confidence in the hypothesis increases or decreases based on the result of the experiments.
4. Analysis and Conclusion: This step involves the use of proper mathematical and other scientific procedures to determine the results of the experiment. Based on the analysis, the future course of action can be determined. If the data found in the analysis is consistent with the hypothesis, it is accepted. If not, then it is rejected or modified and analysed again.

It must be remembered that a hypothesis cannot be proved or disproved by doing one experiment. It needs to be done repeatedly until there are no discrepancies in the data and the result. When there are no discrepancies and the hypothesis is proved, it is accepted as a ‘theory’.

EVALUATION:    1. Outline two adverse effects of chemistry

2. Define scientific methods
3. Discuss the four necessary steps in the scientific method

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively