Basic Science and Technology - Junior Secondary 2 - Human development

TERM: 1^ST TERM

WEEK: 8

CLASS: Junior Secondary School 2

AGE: 13 years

DURATION: 40 minutes each for 2 periods

DATE:

SUBJECT: Basic Science

TOPIC: Human Development

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to

1. ) Define puberty and adolescence
2. ) Discuss the changes in both males and females during puberty

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, story-telling, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Recommended Basic Science textbooks for Junior Secondary School 2

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES: PERIOD 1-2:

NOTE

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Puberty refers to the period of physical development during which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. It is marked by hormonal changes that trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics (like breast development in females and facial hair in males). Puberty typically occurs between the ages of 8 and 16, depending on gender and individual factors, and it is the stage when individuals become capable of sexual reproduction.

Adolescence is the broader developmental phase that includes both puberty and the psychological, emotional, and social changes that occur as individuals transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence typically spans the ages of 12 to 18 but can extend into the early 20s. This period is marked by the development of identity, increased independence, and the ability to engage in more complex thought processes.

Changes in Both Males and Females During Puberty

Changes in Males During Puberty:

• Physical Changes:
• Growth Spurts: Males experience a rapid increase in height, usually occurring between ages 12 and 16.
• Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics: This includes the deepening of the voice, growth of facial and body hair (such as underarm, chest, and pubic hair), and the enlargement of the testes and penis.
• Increase in Muscle Mass: Boys experience an increase in muscle development and strength due to rising testosterone levels.
• Change in Skin and Hair: The skin may become oilier, and acne can develop. Hair texture may change, with more noticeable hair growth on the face and body.
• Hormonal Changes:
• Testosterone Production: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone that drives most of the physical changes during puberty. It affects sexual drive, muscle development, and mood changes.
• Sperm Production: Puberty also marks the onset of sperm production, making males capable of reproduction.

Changes in Females During Puberty:

• Physical Changes:
• Growth Spurts: Girls typically experience their growth spurt earlier than boys, around ages 9 to 14. They will grow taller and gain weight as their bodies prepare for reproduction.
• Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics: Girls develop breasts, start menstruating (menarche), and experience the growth of pubic and underarm hair.
• Widening of the Hips: The hips widen as part of preparing for potential pregnancy and childbirth.
• Hormonal Changes:
• Estrogen Production: Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone responsible for the development of breasts, the regulation of menstrual cycles, and other changes in sexual characteristics.
• Menstruation: The onset of menstruation (the menstrual cycle) is a key event during puberty, marking the ability to reproduce.
• Psychological and Emotional Changes:
• Mood Swings: The hormonal changes in both boys and girls can lead to emotional ups and downs, which may contribute to periods of irritability, anxiety, and heightened sensitivity.
• Sexual Maturity: Both genders may develop sexual feelings and an increased interest in relationships, which is part of their emotional maturation

EVALUATION:

1. What are the key physical changes that occur in males during puberty, and how do they impact the body?
2. How do the hormonal changes in females during puberty contribute to the development of secondary sexual characteristics?
3. In what ways do the emotional and psychological changes during adolescence affect the behavior of individuals in both males and females?
4. Compare and contrast the growth and development during puberty in males and females. How do these changes differ and what are their implications?
5. Why is puberty considered an important stage in human development, and how does it prepare individuals for adulthood?

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher marks their books and commends them positively