Basic Science and Technology - Junior Secondary 2 - Human development

Human development

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TERM: 1ST TERM

WEEK: 6

CLASS: Junior Secondary School 2

AGE: 13 years

DURATION: 40 minutes each for 2 periods

DATE:

SUBJECT: Basic Science

TOPIC: Human Development

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to

  1. ) State the characteristics of each stage of development
  2. ) Discuss the factors affecting growth and development

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, story-telling, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Recommended Basic Science textbooks for Junior Secondary School 2

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES: PERIOD 1-2:

PRESENTATION

TEACHER’S ACTIVITY

PUPIL’S ACTIVITY

STEP 1

Review

The teacher revises the previous lesson.

Learners pay attention

STEP 2

Introduction

He then states the characteristics of each stage of development

Learners pay attention and participate

STEP 3

Explanation

He also discusses the  factors that affect growth and development

Learners pay attention and participate

STEP 4

NOTE TAKING

The teacher writes a short note on the board for the learners to copy

The learners copy the note from the board

 

NOTE

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Characteristics of Each Stage of Development:

  1. Infancy (0-2 years):
  • Physical Development: Rapid physical growth, motor skills development (e.g., crawling, walking).
  • Cognitive Development: Development of sensory perception and early communication (babbling, first words).
  • Social and Emotional Development: Formation of attachment to caregivers, early social interactions, basic emotional responses.
  1. Early Childhood (2-6 years):
  • Physical Development: Steady growth in height and weight, refinement of motor skills (e.g., running, drawing).
  • Cognitive Development: Improvement in language skills, development of problem-solving abilities, imaginative play.
  • Social and Emotional Development: Increasing independence, forming friendships, development of empathy.
  1. Middle Childhood (6-12 years):
  • Physical Development: Steady growth, development of strength, improved coordination.
  • Cognitive Development: Concrete thinking, improvement in memory, learning abilities, and academic skills.
  • Social and Emotional Development: Peer relationships become more important, developing self-esteem and social skills.
  1. Adolescence (12-18 years):
  • Physical Development: Puberty begins, rapid growth spurts, development of sexual characteristics.
  • Cognitive Development: Development of abstract thinking, improved problem-solving abilities, identity formation.
  • Social and Emotional Development: Search for independence, peer influence, self-identity exploration.
  1. Early Adulthood (18-40 years):
  • Physical Development: Physical peak, stable health, full physical maturity.
  • Cognitive Development: Refinement of problem-solving, decision-making abilities, career development, and pursuit of personal goals.
  • Social and Emotional Development: Establishment of intimate relationships, career-building, and family life.
  1. Middle Adulthood (40-65 years):
  • Physical Development: Gradual physical decline, decrease in stamina and muscle mass, beginning of signs of aging.
  • Cognitive Development: Intellectual growth continues, reflection on life, mid-life crisis or reassessment.
  • Social and Emotional Development: Focus on career achievement, parenting responsibilities, and dealing with aging parents.
  1. Late Adulthood (65+ years):
  • Physical Development: Further physical decline, possible chronic health issues, sensory decline (hearing, vision).
  • Cognitive Development: Possible decline in memory and processing speed, but experience and wisdom are gained.
  • Social and Emotional Development: Reflection on life, potential for retirement, coping with loss, changes in social roles (grandparent, widow/widower).

 

Factors Affecting Growth and Development:

  1. Genetic Factors:
  • Inherited traits from parents (e.g., height, susceptibility to certain diseases).
  • Genetic disorders or conditions can impact physical and cognitive development.
  1. Environmental Factors:
  • Nutrition: Proper nutrition is critical for physical and cognitive growth, especially during childhood.
  • Pollution and Toxins: Exposure to harmful substances can delay development or lead to health issues.
  • Socioeconomic Status: Access to resources, healthcare, and education can significantly affect development.
  1. Family and Parenting:
  • The quality of parental care and family dynamics (e.g., emotional support, discipline, attachment) influences social and emotional development.
  • Parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, neglectful) affect self-esteem and social skills.
  1. Cultural Factors:
  • Cultural values, beliefs, and practices can influence the way a person develops, including expectations for education, gender roles, and social interactions.
  1. Health and Medical Care:
  • Access to healthcare, vaccinations, and medical intervention can determine overall health and well-being.
  • Chronic illnesses or disabilities can hinder physical growth and cognitive development.
  1. Education and Cognitive Stimulation:
  • Exposure to stimulating environments (e.g., reading, social activities, problem-solving tasks) enhances cognitive development.
  • Educational opportunities in childhood and adolescence shape intellectual growth.
  1. Social Interaction:
  • Peer relationships, friendships, and societal expectations can influence social skills, emotional intelligence, and identity formation.
  1. Life Experiences and Trauma:
  • Early life experiences, including trauma, abuse, or neglect, can have long-lasting effects on emotional and psychological development.
  • Positive experiences, such as overcoming challenges or achieving personal goals, can boost self-esteem and resilience.
  1. Hormonal and Chemical Influences:
  • Hormonal changes during puberty, pregnancy, and aging influence physical and emotional development.
  • Chemical imbalances (e.g., mental health conditions) can affect emotional and cognitive development.
  1. Personal Choices and Lifestyle:
  • Healthy lifestyle choices such as regular exercise, balanced diet, and stress management contribute positively to development.
  • Harmful habits, such as smoking, substance abuse, or lack of physical activity, can impede growth and development.

 

EVALUATION:

  1. How do genetic and environmental factors influence the physical and cognitive development of an individual at different life stages?
  2. What are the key characteristics of development during the infancy, childhood, and adolescence stages, and how do they impact an individual’s overall growth?
  3. In what ways do cultural factors shape the growth and development of individuals, particularly in relation to social and emotional maturity?
  4. How do health conditions, such as chronic illnesses or disabilities, affect growth and development, and what interventions can mitigate their impact?
  5. Discuss the importance of education and social interactions in shaping cognitive and social development during middle childhood and adolescence. How do these factors contribute to the individual’s ability to form relationships and achieve personal goals?

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher marks their books and commends them positively