Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary 1

TERM – 3^RD TERM

WEEK SEVEN AND EIGHT

Class: Junior Secondary School 1

Age: 12 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: BASIC SCIENCE

Topic: EARTH IN SPACE

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

1. Describe the Solar System
2. Identify the components of the Solar System
3. Discuss the rotation and Revolution of the Earth and Moon
4. Describe of Eclipse and Seasons

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers, demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures,

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

NOTE

EARTH IN SPACE

The Solar System

The solar system refers to the collection of celestial bodies that orbit the Sun, including planets, moons, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and other objects. At the center of the solar system is the Sun, a star that accounts for the vast majority of its mass. The gravitational pull of the Sun keeps the planets and other objects in orbit around it.

The solar system consists of various components, including:

1. The Sun: The central star of the solar system, comprising about 99.8% of its total mass. It provides heat and light to the planets and other objects orbiting around it.
2. Planets: There are eight recognized planets in the solar system, classified into two groups:

   - Inner Planets (Terrestrial Planets): Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These planets are primarily composed of rock and metal and have solid surfaces.

   - Outer Planets (Gas Giants): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. These planets are primarily composed of gases, such as hydrogen and helium, with relatively small solid cores.

3. Dwarf Planets: Objects that orbit the Sun and are spherical in shape but have not cleared their orbits of other debris. The most famous dwarf planet is Pluto, along with others like Eris, Haumea, Makemake, and Ceres.
4. Moons (Natural Satellites): These are celestial bodies that orbit planets and dwarf planets. Some planets have numerous moons, while others have none. For example, Earth has one moon, while Jupiter has over 80 moons.
5. Asteroids: Rocky objects that orbit the Sun, primarily found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids vary in size, shape, and composition and are remnants from the early formation of the solar system.
6. Comets: Small icy bodies that orbit the Sun in highly elliptical orbits, often originating from the Kuiper Belt or the Oort Cloud. When comets approach the Sun, they heat up and release gases and dust, forming a glowing coma and sometimes a tail.
7. Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites: Meteoroids are small rocky or metallic objects that travel through space. When a meteoroid enters Earth's atmosphere and burns up, it produces a streak of light known as a meteor or shooting star.

Rotation and Revolution of the Earth

Rotation: The Earth rotates around its axis, an imaginary line passing through its North and South Poles. This rotation gives rise to the cycle of day and night. It takes approximately 24 hours for the Earth to complete one full rotation, resulting in one day-night cycle.

Revolution: The Earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. This motion, known as revolution, takes approximately 365.25 days to complete, resulting in one Earth year. The tilt of the Earth's axis relative to its orbital plane causes the changing seasons as different parts of the Earth receive varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year.

Rotation and Revolution of the Moon

Rotation: The Moon rotates on its axis as it orbits the Earth. However, unlike the Earth, the Moon's rotation period is equal to its orbital period, meaning it takes the same amount of time (about 27.3 days) for the Moon to complete one rotation as it does to orbit the Earth once. As a result, the same side of the Moon always faces Earth, a phenomenon known as synchronous rotation.

Revolution: The Moon revolves around the Earth in an elliptical orbit. This motion takes approximately 27.3 days to complete, resulting in one lunar month. As the Moon orbits the Earth, its position relative to the Sun changes, giving rise to the phases of the Moon, such as full moon, new moon, waxing crescent, and waning gibbous.

Description of Eclipses

An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when one celestial body passes into the shadow of another celestial body, temporarily blocking or partially obscuring its light. There are two main types of eclipses:

1. Solar Eclipse: A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or part of the Sun's light from reaching Earth. There are three types of solar eclipses:
2. Lunar Eclipse: A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, casting its shadow on the Moon. There are three types of lunar eclipses:

Description of Seasons

Seasons are regular periods of time characterized by distinct weather patterns and changes in temperature, daylight hours, and natural phenomena. The changing seasons are primarily caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to its orbital plane around the Sun. There are four main seasons:

1. Spring: Spring occurs when the Earth's axis is tilted neither toward nor away from the Sun, resulting in approximately equal daylight and nighttime hours. As the Earth orbits the Sun, the northern hemisphere gradually tilts toward the Sun, leading to longer days, warmer temperatures, and the emergence of new plant growth.
2. Summer: Summer occurs when the Earth's northern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, resulting in longer daylight hours and warmer temperatures. It is characterized by hot weather, longer days, and outdoor activities.
3. Autumn (Fall): Autumn occurs as the Earth's northern hemisphere begins to tilt away from the Sun, leading to shorter days, cooler temperatures, and the changing colors of leaves as trees prepare for winter. It is a transitional season between summer and winter.
4. Winter: Winter occurs when the Earth's northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, resulting in shorter days, colder temperatures, and less daylight. It is characterized by snow, ice, and freezing temperatures in many regions.

EVALUATION: 1. Describe the solar system, identifying the components.

2. Differentiate between rotation and revolution of the earth and the moon
3. What is season?
4. Identify the types of seasons you know

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively