Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary 1

TERM – 2^ND TERM

WEEK SEVEN AND EIGHT

Class: Junior Secondary School 1

Age: 12 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: BASIC SCIENCE

Topic: ENERGY

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

1. Define Energy
2. Identify the sources of Energy
3. Identify the forms of Energy
4. Identify common energy transformations
5. Identify the uses of Energy

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers,

demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures,

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

NOTE

ENERGY

Meaning of Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work or produce heat. It exists in various forms and is essential for virtually all processes in the universe. Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed, according to the law of conservation of energy.

Sources of Energy

There are several sources of energy, both renewable and non-renewable, including:

1. Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil, and natural gas are non-renewable resources formed from the remains of plants and animals over millions of years.
2. Renewable Energy: Sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal energy are considered renewable because they are naturally replenished and have minimal environmental impact.
3. Nuclear Energy: Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear reactions, primarily through the process of nuclear fission.
4. Biomass: Organic materials such as wood, crop residues, and animal waste can be burned or converted into biofuels to produce heat or electricity.
5. Hydropower: The energy of flowing water, captured through dams or turbines, can generate electricity.
6. Wind Energy: Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy.
7. Solar Energy: Photovoltaic cells or solar panels convert sunlight directly into electricity.

Forms of Energy

Energy exists in various forms, including:

1. Mechanical Energy: Energy associated with the motion and position of an object, such as kinetic energy (energy of motion) and potential energy (energy stored in an object's position).
2. Thermal Energy: The internal energy of a substance due to the motion of its atoms and molecules. It is commonly associated with heat energy.
3. Chemical Energy: Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. It can be released through chemical reactions, such as combustion or metabolism.
4. Electrical Energy:Energy associated with the movement of electrons through a conductor, typically generated by electric power plants and used to power devices and appliances.
5. Nuclear Energy: Energy released from nuclear reactions, either through nuclear fission (splitting of atomic nuclei) or nuclear fusion (combining of atomic nuclei).
6. Electromagnetic Energy: Energy carried by electromagnetic waves, including visible light, radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays.
7. Sound Energy: Energy produced by vibrations that travel through a medium, such as air, water, or solids.

Transformation of Energy

Energy transformation refers to the process by which energy changes from one form to another. This occurs constantly in various natural and human-made systems. Some examples of energy transformation include:

1. Conversion of chemical energy in food into mechanical energy during muscle movement.
2. Transformation of solar energy into electrical energy through photovoltaic cells.
3. Conversion of potential energy in water stored behind a dam into kinetic energy as it flows through turbines to generate electricity.
4. Changing electrical energy into light energy in a light bulb.
5. Converting mechanical energy from wind into electrical energy through wind turbines.

Uses of Energy

Energy is utilized in various aspects of daily life and across different sectors, including:

1. Energy powers vehicles, including cars, buses, trains, ships, and airplanes, through the combustion of fossil fuels or the use of electric motors.
2. Energy is used to produce electricity through various methods, such as burning fossil fuels, harnessing renewable sources like solar and wind, and utilizing nuclear power.
3. Energy is employed for heating buildings, homes, and water using sources like natural gas, electricity, biomass, or geothermal heat pumps. Air conditioning and refrigeration also require energy for cooling.
4. Energy is essential in manufacturing processes, such as refining metals, producing chemicals, and manufacturing goods.
5. Energy powers electronic devices, telecommunications networks, and data centers, enabling communication, computing, and information storage.
6. Energy is utilized in agricultural practices for irrigation, crop production, transportation, and processing.
7. Energy powers medical equipment, facilities, and transportation for healthcare services, including hospitals, clinics, and ambulances.
8. Energy is required for cooking food, whether through traditional methods like burning wood or modern appliances such as stoves and microwaves.

EVALUATION: 1. What is energy?

2. Mention 5 sources of energy you know
3. Identify 5 form of energy you know
4. Mention 5 uses of energy
5. Describe any 3 energy transformations that you know

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively