Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary 1

TERM – 1^ST TERM

WEEK FOUR

Class: Junior Secondary School 1

Age: 12 years

Duration: 40 minutes of 5 periods each

Date:

Subject: BASIC SCIENCE

Topic:  LIVING AND NON LIVING THINGS –IV

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able

1. Classify Non Living into Metals and Non Metals
2. Identify the Properties of metal and Non metals
3. Identify the Uses and Importance of non metals.

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES: Identification, explanation, questions and answers,

demonstration, videos from source

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Videos, loud speaker, textbook, pictures,

INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

PERIOD 1-2

NOTE

 LIVING AND NON LIVING THINGS –IV

Non living things can be classified into metals and Non metals

Metals

Metals, when defined as non-living things, are inanimate substances characterized by their properties, which include high electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, and lustrous appearance. They are typically found in the Earth's crust and are extracted through mining processes. Examples of Metals are;  Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Gold, Silver, Zinc, Nickel, Titanium, Lead, Tin

Properties of Metals

1. High electrical conductivity
2. High thermal conductivity
3. Malleability (ability to be hammered into thin sheets)
4. Ductility (ability to be drawn into wires)
5. Lustre (shiny appearance)
6. High density
7. Solid at room temperature (except for mercury)
8. Tensile strength (ability to withstand pulling forces)
9. Reactivity varies - some metals like gold and platinum are relatively inert, while others like sodium and potassium are highly reactive.

Uses of Metals

1. Construction materials (e.g., steel beams, aluminum siding)
2. Electrical wiring and components (e.g., copper wires, aluminum conductors)
3. Transportation (e.g., steel for car frames, aluminum in aircraft)
4. Coinage and jewelry (e.g., gold coins, silver necklaces)
5. Manufacturing (e.g., machinery, tools)
6. Packaging (e.g., aluminum cans, tin cans)
7. Medicine (e.g., titanium implants)
8. Energy production (e.g., copper in electrical generators)

Importance of Metals

1. Metals have been crucial for the development of civilizations throughout history, enabling advancements in technology, infrastructure, and industry.
2. Metal industries contribute significantly to economies worldwide through manufacturing, exports, and job creation.
3. Metals are incredibly versatile materials that can be manipulated in various ways to suit different applications.
4. Metals play a vital role in the production of electronics, telecommunications equipment, and renewable energy technologies.
5. Metals can be recycled indefinitely, reducing the need for raw material extraction and minimizing environmental impact.
6. Ongoing research and development in metallurgy lead to new alloys and applications, driving innovation in numerous industries.

Non metals

Non-metals, as non-living entities, refer to elements that lack the typical metallic properties found in metals. These elements typically exhibit poor conductivity of heat and electricity, brittleness in solid form, and lack luster. Non-metals can exist as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature and are typically found on the right side of the periodic table. Examples of Non-Metals are: Hydrogen,  Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Sulfur,  Phosphorus, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine

Properties of Non-Metals

1. Poor conductors of electricity and heat (with some exceptions like carbon in the form of graphite)
2. Brittle in solid form
3. Lower density compared to metals
4. Dull or non-lustrous appearance
5. Many exist as gases or soft solids at room temperature
6. Tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions to form negative ions (anions)
7. Varied reactivity: Some non-metals like noble gases are relatively inert, while others like fluorine are highly reactive.

Uses of Non-Metals

1. Oxygen is essential for respiration and combustion processes.
2. Nitrogen is used in the production of fertilizers and as an inert atmosphere in food packaging.
3. Carbon is used in various forms such as graphite in pencils, charcoal for cooking, and as a key component in organic chemistry.
4. Sulfur is used in the production of sulfuric acid, rubber vulcanization, and as a fungicide.
5. Fluorine is used in the production of fluoropolymers, dental products, and in water fluoridation.
6. Chlorine is used in water purification, the production of PVC, and as a disinfectant.
7. Phosphorus is used in fertilizers, detergents, and in the production of matches.

Importance of Non-Metals

1. Non-metals like oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon are crucial for biological processes and the composition of organic compounds.
2. Non-metals play a role in water and air purification, as well as in waste treatment processes.
3. Non-metals are used in various industries such as agriculture, healthcare, and manufacturing.
4. Research into non-metal materials and their properties leads to advancements in fields like materials science, nanotechnology, and pharmaceuticals.
5. Non-metal elements are involved in energy production processes such as hydrogen fuel cells and solar panels.
6. Non-metal elements like sulfur and phosphorus are essential nutrients for plants and play a role in maintaining ecological balance.

EVALUATION: 1. Mention 5 properties of metals

2. Mention 5 properties of Non metals
3. Identify 5 uses and importance of metals
4. Identify 5 uses and importance of Non metals

CLASSWORK: As in evaluation

CONCLUSION: The teacher commends the students positively