Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 3

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

CLASS:  SS 3

DATE:

TERM: 1st TERM

REFERENCE TEXTS: 

• New General Mathematics for SS book 3 by J.B Channon
• Essential Mathematics for SS book 3
• Mathematics Exam Focus
• Waec and Jamb past Questions

 
WEEK EIGHT

TOPIC: SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

CONTENT

• Solving Simultaneous Equations Involving One linear and One quadratic.
• Solving Simultaneous Equations Using Graphical Method

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS INVOLVING ONE LINEAR AND ONE QUADRATIC

One of the equations is in linear form while the other is in quadratic form.

Note: One linear, one quadratic is only possible analytically using substitution method.

Examples:

1. Solve simultaneously for x and y (i.e. the points of their intersection)

    3x + y = 10 & 2x2 +y2 = 19

Solution

3x + y = 10 ----------- eq 1

2x2 + y2 = 19 --------- eq 2

Make y the subject in eq 1 (linear equation)

y = 10 – 3x ---------- eq 3

Substitute eq 3 into eq 2

2x2 + (10-3x) 2   = 19

2x2+ (10 – 3x) (10 – 3x) = 19

2x2 + 100 – 30x – 30x + 9x2 = 19

2x2 + 9x2 - 30x – 30x + 100 – 19 = 0

11x2 - 60x + 81 = 0

11x2 - 33x – 27x + 81= 0

11x (x-3) – 27 (x – 3) = 0

(11x – 27) (x – 3) = 0

11x – 27 = 0  or x-3 = 0

11x = 27 or  x = 3

∴ x = 27/11   or 3 

Substitute the values of x into eq 3.

When x = 3

y = 10 – 3(x)

y = 10 - 3(3)

 y = 10 – 9 = 1

When x =27/11

y = 10 – 3(27/11)

y = 10 - 51/11

y = 110 - 51

            11

y = 59/11

∴w hen x = 3, y = 1

x = 27    ,   y =  59

                   11              11

2. Solve the equations simultaneously 3x + 4y = 11   &xy = 2

solution

    3x + 4y = 11      -------- eq 1

    xy = 2        -------- eq 2

    Make y the subject in eq 1

    4y  = 11 – 3x

y =   11 – 3x   …………   eq3

            4

substituteeq 3 into eq 2    

x y = 2

x ( 11- 3x )  =  2

         4

x (11-3x) = 2x4

11x – 3x2 = 8

-3x2   + 11x – 8 = 0

-3x2   + 3x + 8x – 8 = 0

-3x (x-1) +8 (x-1) = 0

(-3x + 8) (x-1) = 0

-3x + 8 = 0  or  x – 1 = 0

 3x = 8  or  x = 1

x = 8/3 or 1

Substitute the values of x into eq 3

y =  11- 3x

           4

when x = 1

y =  11 – 3(1)  = 11-3   =  8

             4               4          2

  y =  4

when x = 8/3

y = 11 – 3(8/3)

            4

y =  33 – 24  =  9      =    3

            12         12           4

∴ x = 1, y = 2

x = 8/3, y = 3/4.

Evaluation

Solve for x and y

1. 3x 2 - 4y = -1                           2.  4x2 + 9y2 = 20

    2x – y = 1                                        2x – 9y = -2

MORE EXAMPLES

Solve simultaneously for x and y.

3x – y = 3 -------- eq 1

9x2   - y 2 = 45 --------- eq 2

Solution

From eq 2

(3x)2 - y 2  = 45

(3x-y) (3x+y) = 45 ---------- eq 3

Substitute eq 1 into eq 3

3 (3x + y) = 45

 3x + y = 15 ……………..eq4

Solve eq 1 and eq 4 simultaneously.

3x – y = 3 --------- eq 1

3x + y = 15 -------- eq 4

eq 1 + eq 4

6x  =  18

x  =  18/ 6

x = 3

Substitute x = 3 into eq 4.

3x + y = 15

3 (3) + y = 15

9 + y = 15

y = 15 – 9

y = 6

∴ x = 3, y = 6

Evaluation

Solve    for x   and   y in the following pairs of   equations

1. (a) 4x2 – y2 = 15                              (b) 3x2 +5xy –y2 =3

            2x – y = 5                                               x  -  y  = 4

WORD   PROBLEMS LEADING TO LINEAR AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Example

The product of two numbers is 12. The sum of the larger number and twice the smaller number is 11. Find the two numbers.

Solution

 Let    x  = the larger number

y  = the smaller number

Product,  x y  =  12    …………….eq1

      From the last statement,

                          x + 2y  =  11  ………….. eq2

       From eq2,   x  =  11 – 2y   …………...eq3

       Sub. Into  eq1

y(11 – 2y) = 12

                            11y – 2y2  = 12

                             2y2 -11y + 12 = 0

                            2y2 – 8y – 3y + 12 = 0

                             2y(y-4) – 3(y-4) = 0

                              (2y-3)(y-4)  =0

                               2y-3 =0 or  y-4 =0

                                 2y = 3 or   y = 4

                                   y= 3/2 or 4

when y = 3/2                                             when  y=4

        x = 11 – 2y                                      x = 11- 2y

        x = 11 – 2(3/2)                                  x = 11 – 2(4)

        x = 11 – 3                                           x = 11 – 8

         x = 8                                                  x = 3

Therefore, (8 , 3/2)(3 , 4)

Evaluation

Solve the following simultaneous equation   

1. (a)  22x-3y = 32,   3x-2y = 81      (b) 2x+2y=1, 32x+y = 27
2. Bisi’s and Fibie’s ages add up to 29. Seven  years  ago  Bisi  was  twice  as  old  as  Fibie. Find their present ages.

SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS USING GRAPHICAL METHOD

Examples

Using the scale 2cm to 1 units on x-axis and 2cm to 2 unit on y-axis, draw the graph of y = x2 – x – 1 and y = 2x – 1 (on the same scale and axis for values of x: - 3≤x< 4

Solution

Table of values for y = x2 – x – 1

Table of values for y = 2x – 1

Evaluation

1. Copy and complete the table below of values  for  the relation  y = 2x2 – 3x – 7

b.Using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit on x-axis and 2cm to 5 unit on y-axis, draw the graph of the relation 

            y = 2x2-3x-7 for -3 <  x ≤ 5

c.Using the same scale and axis, draw the graph of y = 2x-1

1. Use  your graph to find the values of x and y.

GENERAL EVALUATION AND REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Solve  the   simultaneous  equation:   3x2 -  4y  = -1  & 2x  -  y  = 1
2. Five  years  ago, a  father  was  3  times  as  old  as  his  son, now  their  combined  ages  amount  to  110  years. How old are they?
3. Solve:  4x2 - y2 = 15   &  2x  -  y =  5
4. Seven cups and eight plates cost # 1750.  Eight cups and seven plates cost #1700. Calculate the cost of a cup and  of  a  plate.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT        

Solve each of the following pairs of equations simultaneously, 

1. xy = -12 ; x – y = 7   a. (3 , -4)(4 ,-3)   b. (-2 ,4)(-3, -4)    c.(-4, 5)(-2 , 3)     d.(3 ,-3)(4,-4)
2. x – 5y = 5 ; x2 – 25y2 = 55   a (-8, 0)(3/5 , 0)     b. (0, 0)(-8 , 3/5)    c. (8 , 3/5) d. (0, 8)(0, 3/5)  
3. y = x2 and y = x + 6     (a).(0,6) (3,9)      (b)(-3,0) (2,4)      (c)  (-2,4) (3,9)     (d).(-2, 3), (-3,2)
4. x – y = -3/2 ;  4x2 + 2xy – y2 = 11/4 : a. (-1, 1/2)(1, 5/2).           b. (3, 2/5) (1, 1/2)         c.(3/2 , -1) (4,2)              d.(-1 , -1/2)(-1 , 5/2)
5. m2 + n2 = 25 ; 2m + n – 5 = 0 : a. (0,5)(4, -3) b.(5,0)(-3,4)c.(4,0)(-3,5) d(-5,3)(0,4)

THEORY

1a. Find the coordinate of the points where the line 2x – y = 5 meets the curve 3x2 – xy -4 =10

1. Solve the simultaneous equation: 22x+4y = 4, 33x + 5y – 81= 0
2. A woman is q years old while her son is p years old. The sum of their ages is equal to twice the difference of their ages. The product of their ages is 675.

Write down the equations connecting their ages and solve the equations in order to find the ages of the woman and her son. (WAEC)