Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 3

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

CLASS:  SS 3

DATE:

TERM: 1st TERM

REFERENCE TEXTS: 

• New General Mathematics for SS book 3 by J.B Channon
• Essential Mathematics for SS book 3
• Mathematics Exam Focus
• Waec and Jamb past Questions

 
WEEK THREE

TOPIC: ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A. P)

CONTENT

• Sequence
• Definition of Arithmetic Progression
• Denotations in Arithmetic progression
• Deriving formulae for the term of A. P.
• Sum of an arithmetic series

Find the next two terms in each of the following sets of number and in each case state the rule which gives the term.

(a)    1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25(any term +4 = next term)

(b)    2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486, 1458 (any term x 3 = next term)

(c)    1, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121, 169, (sequence of consecutive odd no)

(d)    10, 9, 7, 4, 0, -5, -11, -18, -26, (starting from 10, subtract 1, 2, 3 from immediate no).

In each of the examples below, there is a rule which will give more terms in the list. A list like this is called a SEQUENCE in many cases; it can simply matter if a general term can be found for a sequence e.g.

1, 5, 9, 13, 17 can be expressed as

1, 5, 9, 13, 17 ……………. 4n – 3 where n = no of terms

Check: 5th term    = 4(5) -3

          20 – 3 = 17

    10th term = 4(10) – 3

            40 – 3 = 37

Example 2

Find the 6th and 9th terms of the sequence whose nth term is

(a)    (2n + 1)

(b)    3 – 5n.

Solution

(a)    2n + 1

    6th term    =   2(6) + 1   = 12 + 1 = 13

    9th term    =   2 (9) + 1  = 18 + 1 = 19

(b)    3 – 5n

    6th term    = 3 – 5 (6) = 3 – 30 = -27

    9th term    = 3 – 5 (9) = 3 – 45 = -42

Evaluation

For each of the following sequence, find the next two terms and the rules which give the term.

1. 1,   , ,      ,       , ____,  ____

2    100, 96, 92, 88, _____, ____

3. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,   ____, _____
4. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25,   ____, _____ 

(i) Arrange the numbers in ascending order   (ii) Find the next two terms in the sequence

5. 19, 13, 16, 22, 10
6. -21/2, 51/2, 31/2, 11/2, -1/2
7. Find the 15th term of the sequence whose nth term is 3n - 5

                                                                                                    4       

DEFINITION OF ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

A sequence in which the terms either increase or decrease in equal steps is called an Arithmetic Progression.

The sequence 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, ____,  _____,  _____ has a first term of 9 and a common difference of +3 between the terms.

Denotations in A. P.

a    =    1st term

d    =    common difference

n    =    no of terms

Un    =    nth term

Sn    =    Sum of the first n terms

Formula for nth term of Arithmetic Progression

e.g. in the sequence 9, 12, 15, 18, 21.

a    =    9

d    =    12 – 9   or   18 – 15 = 3.

1st term    =    U1    =    9            =    a

2nd term    =    U2    =    9 + 3            =    a + d

3rd term    =    U3    =    9 + 3 + 3        =    a + 2d

10th term     =    U10 = 9 + 9(3)                        =    a + 9d

nth term     =    Un = 9+(n-1)3            =   a + (n-1)d

∴nth term    =    Un  = a + (n-1)d

Example:

1.Given the A.P, 9, 12, 15, 18 …… find the 50th term.

a   =  9        d    =  3      n    =  50         Un  =  U50

Un=  a + (n-1) d

U50  =  9 + (50-1) 3

        = 9 + (49) 3

        = 9 + 147

        = 156

2.The 43rd term of an AP is 26, find the 1st term of the progression given that its common difference is ½ and also find the 50th term.

U43=  26       d    =  ½                a    =  ?          n   = 43

Un = a + (n-1) d

26 = a + (43-1) ½ 

26 = a + 42(1/2)

26 = a + 21

26 – 21 = a

5 = a

a = 5

(b)    a      =  5              d      = ½           n = 50     U50   =?

    Un    =    a + (n-1) d

    U50    =    5 + (50-1)1/2

        =    5 + 49(1/2)

    U50    =    5 + 241/2

    U50    =    291/2

Evaluation

1. Find the 37th term of the sequence 20, 10, 0, -10…
2. 1, 5… 69 are the 1st, 2nd, and last term of the sequence; find the common difference between them and the number of terms in the sequence.

SUM OF AN ARITHMETIC SERIES

When the terms of a sequence are added, the resulting expression is called series e.g. in the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11.

Series    =    1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11

When the terms of a sequence are unending, the series is called infinite series, it is often impossible to find the sum of the terms in an infinite series.

e.g.  1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + …………………. Infinite

Sequence with last term or nth term is termed finite series.

e.g.

Find the sum of

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15

If sum = 2, n = 8

Then 

S = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 

Or     S = 15 + 13 + 11 + 9 + 7 + 5 + 3 + 1

    Add eqn1 and eqn 2

2s = 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16 + 16

    =  48   =    8(16)

                  2              2        =    S   = 64

Deriving the formula for sum of A. P. The following represent a general arithmetic series when the terms are added.

S = a + (a+d) + a + 2d + …………………………… + (L-2d) + (L-d) + L – eqn

S = L + (L-d) + L – 2d + ……………………………… a + 2d + (a+d) + a – eqn

2s = (a + L) + (a + L) + (a + L) + …………………… (a + L) + (a + L) + (a + L)

2s = n(a + L)

             2

S = n(a+L)

          2    

L   =>  Un  =  a + (n-1)d

Substitute L into eq**

S = n(a + a+(n-1)d

                 2   

S = n(2a + (n-1)d    = n ( 2a+ (n-1)d

    22

∴  S = n[a + L]    where   L  is the last  term i.e    Un

2

or

S  =n[2a +(n-1)d]  when d is given or obtained

2

Example 2

Find the sum of the 20th term of the series 16 + 9 + 2 + …………………

a = 16           d = 9 – 16 = -7           n = 20

S = n(2a + (n-1)d)

               2

S = 20 (2x16) + (20-1)(-7)

        2  

=     20 (32 + 19(-7)

                2

S =10 (32 - 133) = 10(-101)

S = -1010

EVALUATION

1. Find the sum of the arithmetic series with 16 and -117 as the first and 20th term respectively.
2. The salary scale for a clerical officer starts at N55, 200 per annum. A rise of N3, 600 is given at the end of each year; find the total amount of money earned in 12 years.

GENERAL EVALUATION /REVISION QUESTION

1. An A. P. has 15 terms and a common difference of -3, find its first and last term if its sum is 120.
2. On the 1st of January, a student puts N10 in a box, on the 2nd she puts N20 in the box, on the 3rd she puts N30 and so on putting on the same no. of N10 notes as the day of the month. How much will be in the box if she keeps doing this till 16th January?
3. The salary scale for a clerical officer starts at N55, 200 per annum. A rise of N3, 600 is given at the end of each year, find the total amount of money earned in 12 years.
4. 4. Find  the  7th term  and  the  nth  term  of  the  progression  27,9,3,…
5. If 8, x, y, - 4 are in A.P, find x and y.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Find the 4th term of an A. P. whose first term is 2 and the common difference is 0.5   (a) 4   (b) 4.5    (c) 3.5     (d) 2.5
2. In an A. P. the difference between the 8th and 4th term is 20 and the 8th term is 11/2 times the 4th term, find the common difference         (a) 5    (b) 7     (c) 3    (d) 10
3. Find the first term of the sequence in no. 2        (a) 70     (b) 45    (c) 25     (d) 5
4. The next term of the sequence 18, 12, 60 is       (a) 12     (b) 6    (c) -6    (d) -12
5. Find the no. of terms of the sequence 1/2 , ¾, 1, ……………….. 51/2     (a) 21    (b) 43/4     (c) 1     (d) 22

THEORY

1. Eight wooden poles are to be used for pillars and the length of the poles form an arc Arithmetic Progression (A. P.) if the second pole is 2m and the 6th pole is 5m, give the lengths of the poles in order and sum up the lengths of the poles.

2    a.    Write down the 15th term of the sequence.

      2_,  3   ,4  ,   5 

    1x3   2x4    3x5   4 x6

1. An arithmetic progression (A. P.) has 3 as its term and 4 as the common difference.
2. Write an expression in its simplest form for the nth term.
3. Find   the 10th term    and  the  sum   of  the  first  

Reading Assignment

New General Mathematics SSS2