Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 2

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

CLASS:  SS 2

DATE:

TERM: 3rd TERM

REFERENCE MATERIALS

• New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools by O. Y. Ababio
• New System Chemistry for Senior Secondary Schools by T. Y. Toon et al
• S.S.C.E  Past Questions and Answers on Chemistry 
• U.T.M.E Past Questions and Answers on Chemistry

 
WEEK SIX

TOPIC: ALKANES

CONTENT

• IUPAC Nomenclature
• Preparation, Properties and Uses.

The alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons. Their general molecular formula is CnH2n+2. Hence 

For n=1 CH4        Methane

       n=2 C2H6    Ethane

       n=3 C3H8    Propane

       n=4 C4H10    Butane

       n=5 C5H12    Pentane and so on.

There is no functional group in the alkane series.

THE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS

In IUPAC nomenclature, every name of organic compound consists of a ROOT, SUFFIX and PREFIX names.        

Root name: Name of the parent aliphatic hydrocarbon of the longest carbon chain in a molecule.

Suffix name: Name of the principal functional group on the longest carbon chain in a molecule.

Prefix name: Name of the other substituents on the longest carbon chain which are not functional groups. For example, 1- chloroethane- 1- ol; has 1-chloro as prefix, ethane as root and -1-ol as suffix.

RULES FOR THE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE

1. Select the longest continuous carbon chain as parent hydrocarbon.
2. Number the longest carbon chain starting from the end that gives lowest possible number to the suffix (functional group).
3. Indicate the other substituents by prefixes preceded by numbers to show their position on the carbon chain.
4. If the same alkyl or other substituents group occurs more than once as side chain, show how many are present by using prefix di, tri, tetra etc and indicate by various numbers the position of each group on the longest carbon chain.
5. If there are several different alkyl groups attached to the parent chain, name them in alphabetical order.

Examples: H      HH

 H   C1 C2         C3       H

 H       CH3 H         2- methyl propane

H      HH       CH3 H

             H  C5C4       C3  C2       C1    H

    H    HHHH         2- methylpentane

H     HHH      CH3    C2H5 H       H

        H   C8     C7 C6      C5 C4C3C2 C1      H

H    HH      C3H7H      C2H 5H     H

            3,3- diethyl-4-methyl-5-propyloctane 

6. If there are halogens together with alkyl groups attached to the parent chain, name the halogens first in alphabetical order and the alkyl group as explained earlier.

Example       

      H       Cl

           H     C       C      OH

   Br     CH3

            1- bromo-2- chloropropan-2-ol

EVALUATION

Name the following compounds

1.     H      HH                         2. CH3CHClCH2OH

  H   C     CC     H

       H      HH

METHANE (CH4)

LABORATORY PREPARATION

Methane is prepared in the laboratory by heating ethanoate salt with corresponding alkalis e.g sodium ethanoate and soda-lime. Soda-lime is quick lime slaked with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. It is used in preference to caustic soda because it is not deliquescent and does not attack glass so readily.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1. Methane is a colourless and odourless gas.
2. It is slightly soluble in water.
3. It is less dense than air
4. It has no action on litmus paper

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1. Combustion: Methane burns in air or oxygen to produce steam, carbon(IV) oxide and a lot of heat 

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)            2H2O(l)  +   CO2(g).

The general equation for combustion of alkanes is represented as

CxHy(g)   +   ( x + y/4)O2    y/ 2H2O(g)   +    xCO2(g).

1. Substitution reaction: Substitution reaction involves the direct displacement of atom or group by another atom or group. Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultra-violet light to yield a mixture of products.

        CH4(g) + Cl2(g)            CH3Cl(g)              +     HCl(g)   

                        Chloromethane       

USES OF METHANE

1. Methane is used as fuel by itself or mixed with other gases.
2. It is used for making hydrogen gas.
3. It is used in making carbon black.
4. Trichloromethane is used in surgical operations as an anaesthetic.

EVALUATION

1. Describe laboratory preparation of methane.
2. Write two equations to show the chemical properties of methane.

ISOMERISM

This is the existence of two or more organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different molecular structures.

TYPES OF ISOMERISM

1. Structural Isomerism
2.   Stereoisomerism.

The structural isomerism occurs in organic compound with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement of the carbon atom. 

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM

• Chain isomerism:This is the kind of isomerism which occurs due the differences in the way by which the carbon atoms are arranged in the chain.Example 

    H    HHH            H    H    H   

  H-  C  -    C  -   C  -  C - H            H-    C   -      C   -    C - H

 H   HHHH        H

    Butane                    H – C – H     

H 

                                      2- methyl propane

1. Functional isomerism: This is the kind of isomerism which is due to the differences in functional group.Example 

H     H                    H    H

          H-  C  -  C – OH                            H- C  –  O-    C-  H     

H     HHH

Ethanol                    Methoxymethane.

1. Positional isomerism: This is the kind of isomerism which occurs as a result of the difference in the way the functional group is positioned. Example:   

      H    HH    H    H

               H-   C  =C-   C-   C-  H    H – C –  C =  C –  C – H

    H    HHHHHHH

 But-1-ene        But-2- ene

STEREO ISOMERISM: This arises as a result of differences in spatial orientation of atoms or groups of atoms about a carbon-carbon double bond or ring structure or a carbon atom surrounded by four different groups.

TYPES OF STEREO ISOMERISM

• Geometric isomerism :  This is the existence of compound with the same

molecular formula but different spatial structural formula.Example 

CH3CH3                CH3        H

C  =  C    C  =  C

      H    HH CH3

Cis but -2-ene                            Trans but-2-ene

1. Optical isomerism:  They have different configuration and they rotate plane polarized light.Example 

        H                    H

                               CH3 – C – COOH                HOOC – C – CH3

 OH                           OH

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION

Give the structure of the following organic compounds:

1. 1-chloro-2-methyl pentane
2. 2,2,4-trimethyl hexane
3. 1-bromo-2-methyl butane
4. a. What is meant by the term isomerism? 

1. Draw the structure of the two isomers of the compound with the molecular formula C2H6O. Give the name of each of the isomers. 
2. State the major difference between the isomers.
3. Give the two reasons why soda-lime is used instead of caustic soda in the laboratory preparation of methane.

READING ASSIGNMENT

New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School by O.Y. Ababio(6th edition) Pages 520-525, 530-532

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A: Write the correct option ONLY

1. The name of C(CH3)4 is a. butane b. 2-methyl propane c. methyl propane d. 2,2-dimethyl propane 2
2. The structure of the organic compound 1,1-dichloro-2-methyl pentane is

1. A.   H   HH       CH3ClB. H        H     CH3 H

     H   C      CCCC      H       H  C       CCC       H

 H    HHHHHHHH

1. C.      H     HHHH D.          Cl      H       HHH

    H  C       CCCC       H            H   C      CCCC   H    

ClCl H       CH3   H                          Cl      CH3H      HH

1. The carbon atoms in alkanes are    a. not hybridized b. sp3 hybridized c. sp2 hybridized d. sp hybridized
2. The general formula for the alkanes is a. RCHO b. CnH2n+1 c. CnH2n+2 d. RCOOR
3. C4H10 belongs to the same homologous series as a. C4H8 b. C2H2 c. C3H8 d. C5H10

SECTION B

1. a. Define the term isomerism 

1. Name the alkanol that is isomeric with Methoxy methane (CH3OCH3)

2    a. Name the following compound:(i) CH3(CH2)3CH3 (ii) C2H4Cl2

1. Write the structure of the following compounds 

        (i) 1-methyl cyclopropane (ii)  2-bromo-4-methyl pentane