Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 2

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY

CLASS:� SS2

DATE:

TERM: 3RD TERM

REFERENCES

• Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools by S.T. Ramalingam
• Essential Biology by M.C Michael�
• New School Biology by H. Stone and Cozen
• SSCE Past Questions and Answers
• New System Biology by Lam and Kwan�
• College Biology by IdodoUmeh
• UTME and Cambridge Past Questions and Answers�
• Biology Practical Textbook

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WEEK TWO

EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN MAMMALS AND PLANTS

CONTENT

• Excretory system in mammals
• Structure and functions of the kidney
• Structure of the urinary tubule
• Process of urine formation��
• Excretion in plants

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN MAMMALS

Mammalian lungs excrete water vapour, and C02, the liver excretes bile pigment called bilirubin, the skin excretes water, salt and urea through the sweat, and the kidney excretes water, mineral salt and urea. The excretory system of mammals consists of a pair of kidney, ureter, bladder, renal artery and renal vein.

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STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY

The mammalian kidney is a bean-shaped, reddish brown organ located in the posterior end of the abdomen. The right kidney is slightly lower in the body than the left. Cutting a kidney longitudinally, two distinct regions are observed; an outer cortex and an inner medulla. Several narrow tubules called urinary tubules (nephrons) pass through the two regions stated above. The tubules open at the tips of triangular- shaped masses of tissues called pyramids. The pyramids open into a funnel-shaped cavity called the pelvis. The kidney has many tiny capillaries which are branches of the renal artery and the renal vein. The pelvis continues as ureter, a long narrow tube connecting the kidney to the urinary bladder.

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Diagram of the Kidney

FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY

The three major functions carried out by the kidney are as follows���

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Osmoregulation: This is the process by which an animal regulates the balance between water and salt in their body fluid. When the concentration of the blood is higher than that of the cell content through the kidney extract or remove these substances from the blood so as to maintain normal osmotic balance in the body and vice-versa.�

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Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance: The kidney excretes excess acids or bases when either of them is more concentrated in the body. If the body's concentration of base is higher than that of acid, more salt will be excreted with the urine as a result, acid-base balance is maintained in the body.Excretion: The kidney removes metabolic waste product from the body in form of urine. Urine formation is made possible by the numerous urinary tubules which are the functional units of the kidney.

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EVALUATION

1. Describe briefly the mammalian excretory system.
2. What are the functions of the kidney?�

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STRUCTURE OF THE URINARY TUBULE (NEPHRON)

The nephron consists of a cup-shaped Bowman's capsule which opens; into short coiled proximal convoluted tubules. The tubule continues as a U-shaped loop, the Henle's loop in the medulla, the loop re-enters the cortex as the distal convoluted tubule and widens as it enters the pelvis. The nephron is associated with several networks of capillaries. The renal artery branched in the Bowman's capsule formed a knot of capillaries called the glomerulus which re-joins to form a blood vessel leading out of the capsule and branches into a capillary network around the urinary tubule before joining the renal vein.

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FORMATION OF URINE

ULTRA-FILTRATION: Blood is brought to the kidney by the renal artery, which enters the glomeruli (capillaries) in the Bowman's capsule. Water, mineral salt, sugar and other solute are filtered from blood into the capsule.

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SELECTIVE RE-ABSORPTION: The glomerular filtrate flows down the tubules at the proximal convoluted tubular loop and the loop of Henle's where some watery sugar, amino acid and salt useful to the body are reabsorbed into the blood capillary by active transport. This process of reabsorption of useful materials back into the blood is called selective reabsorption.

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HORMONAL SECRETION: As the fluid flows through distal convoluted tubules, more water is reabsorbed by the action of anti-diuretic hormones (ADH) and urine is finally formed. The urinary tubules empty their content into the pelvis and from the pelvis urine trickles through the ureter into the urinary bladder, which when full contracts and discharge urine out of the body through the urethra.

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EVALUATION

1. Describe the urinary tubule
2. Describe the process of urine formation

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EXCRETION IN PLANTS

Plants have no special excretory organs and excretory wastes are minimal. Elimination of waste takes place through the stomata and lenticels. Main waste products of plants arewater which is eliminated through transpiration and guttation and carbon dioxide from respiration at night when photosynthesis is not taking place. Other waste products in plants are alkaloids (quinine, nicotine, cocaine, morphine) products are converted into harmless substances, stored in some parts of the plants as useful commercial products.

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GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Mention five excretory structures in mammal.
2. Describe the structure of excretion.
3. Describe the function of the kidney.
4. Describe the structure of the urinary tubule.
5. List four kidney diseases, stating their effects and remedy.
6. How is urine formed in mammals?

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READING ASSIGNMENT

College Biology Chapter 9, page 186-204

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WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. Excess water in plants is excreted as water vapour and droplets respectively through A. transpiration and guttation B. respiration and guttation C. photosynthesis and guttation D. guttation and condensation
2. Which of the following is not an excretory organ? A. kidney B. skin C. leaf D. large intestine
3. Which of the following waste products in plants is excreted through the stomata and lenticels? A. carbon dioxide B. alkaloids C. tannins D. anthocyanins
4. Which of the following is responsible for the removal of excess water in human? A. small intestine B. kidney C. spleen D. bladder
5. The urinary tubule of the kidney function through A. ultra filtration and selective reabsorption B. osmosis and diffusion C. active transport and osmosis D. active transport and cytoplasmic strand

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SECTION B

1. Differentiate between excretion in plants and animals.
2. Mention five structural parts of the excretory system in mammals and their functions.

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