Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 2

SUBJECT: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

CLASS:  SS 2

DATE:

TERM: 2nd TERM

 

WEEK NINE AND TEN

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING RATIOS

(i).    Margin and Mark Up 

    The ability to calculate margin and mark up may be necessary to solve some incomplete record problems.

MARGIN

When gross profit is expressed as a fraction or percentages of selling price it is known as margin.

    Example:                         N

    Cost price of goods                     100

    Profit                              25

    Selling price                         125

    Then the margin    = profit   x    100 = 25 x 100 = 20% 0r 1/5 

                  Selling price     1      125    1

MARK-UP

When gross profit is expressed as a percentages or fraction of cost of sales it known as mark – up.

    In the above example, mark – up is           profit    x 100   =  25% or ¼ 

                                Cost of goods sold 1                     

Relationship between margin and mark –up 

Examples

If mark – up                                    Margin 

Is (i) 2                    then                2      = 2

       5                                    5 +  2     7

(ii)    1                then                1       = 1

    4                                4+ 1    5

If margin                            mark -up 

Is    (i)  2                then             2        = 2

         5                            5  – 2      3

    (ii) 1                then            1      = 1

        3                            3– 1      2

    (iii) 1                then            1      = 1 

          7                            7 – 1    6

NB:- making-up is always greater than margin 

FURTHER  EXAMPLES:

1. Cost of sales: N3000. Margin 25%. Calculate sales revenue.

Solution: margin is 1 therefore Mark-up = 1      = 1

                  4                      4 -1       3

            N 3000 X 1 = PROFIT = N1000

                    3

Therefore Sales revenue = cost + profit = N (3000 + 1000) 

                        = N 4000

NB: it is mark-up that is a percentage of cost hence the margin given in the question must be converted to mark-up to solve the above problem.

1. Sales revenue: N7000. Make-up is 40%. calculate the gross profit.

Solution: mark – up ;. is 2 therefore   Margin is  2      =  2

                    5                            5 + 2    7

        Therefore Gross profit = 2  x N7000 = N2000

                            7

1. Maheen provides the following information for the year ended 31st Dec. 2003.

                                    N

Stock at 1st Jan. 2003                    9000

Stock at 31st Dec. 2003                    11,000

Sales in the year ended 31st                 84,000

Maheen sells her goods at a make – up of 331/3. prepare Maheen’s trading account for the year ended 31st Dec. 2003 in as much details as possible. 

Solution: This is a good example of a problem that is solved by working backwards

MAHEEN

Trading account for the year ended 31 Dec. 2003

                                    N        N

    Sales (given)                                  84,000

    Less cost of sales

    Opening stock 1st Jan (given)                     9000

    Step 4 purchases (balance figure 3)                65000

    Step 3 Gods available for sales (balancing figure 2)        74000

    Less closing stock at 31 Dec. (given)             11000    

    Step 2 cost of sales (balancing fig 1)                       63,000

    Step 1 gross profile (1/4 x N84,000)                      21,000                   

iii.    STOCK LOST IN FIRE OR BY THEFT 

The methods used for preparing account from incomplete records are also used to calculate the value of stock lost in a fire or by theft when detailed stock records have not been kept, or have been destroyed by fire.

You can solve this type of problem by preparing a pro forma “trading Account’ (It is described as “pro forma because it is not prepared like a normal Trading account by transferring balances from ledger accounts.)

EVALUATION

1. Define the following accounting terms

        (a) Mark-up   (b) Margin

2. State the relationship between mark-up and margin.

Example

Uwa’s warehouse was burgled on 10th April 2004. the thieves stole most of the stock but left goods worth N1250. Uwa supplies the following information:                

Extracts from Uwa’s Balance Sheet at 31 Dec. 2003

Stock                                N 30,000

Debtors                            N 40,000

Creditors                            N 20,000

Extracts from cash Book, 31 Dec. 2003 to 10 April 2004 

Receipts from debtors                     N 176,000

Payments to suppliers                     N 120,000

Other information                       

Debtors at 10th April 2004                    N 24000

Creditors at 10th April, 2004                    N 26,000

Uwa sells his goods at a mark-up of 25% 

Required: calculate the cost of the stolen goods 

Solution:                 UWA

    Pro forma Trading Account for the period 1st January, to 10th April 2004

                                N        N

    Sales (see wk 1 below)                        160,000

    Less cost of sales

    Stock 1st Jan. 2004                    30,000

    Purchases (see wk 2 below)                126,000

                                156,000

    Less closing 10/4/04 

    (Balancing figure)                    28,000

    Cost of sales                                128,000       

    Gross profit (mark-up is 25% so margin                32,000

    Is 20%, (N160,000 x 20% 

Therefore Cost of stock stolen = N(28,000 – 12500 = N26,750 i.e. closing stock – stock left after burglary.

Workings (1)             Debtors Control A/C

                    N                    N

1 Jan. Balance b/f             40,000        10 April Cash         176,000

10 April Sales                        Debtors out-   

(balanced fig)                160,000    standing         24,000                            200,000                200,000

Workings (2)         Creditors Control A/C

                N                        N

                            1 Jan. Bal b/f        20,000

10 April, cash            120,000        10 April purchases

                            (balancing fig.)    126,000

                146,000                    146,000 

EVALUATION

Differentiate between margin and mark-up. 

READING ASSIGNMENT

Financial Accounting with, Ease by Onatowokan Oluyombo pages 183 – 167

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS

1. State five features of capital expenditure
2. State five characteristics of depreciable asset
3. List five advantages and three disadvantages of the straight line method of calculating depreciation
4. List ten users of financial accounting information
5. List six causes of depreciation of fixed assets

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. If mark-up is 40%, then margin is (a) 1/8(b) 45% (c) 1/7 (d) 2/7
2. if margin is 25% and cost of sales is N30,000 then sales revenue is (a)N25,000 (b) N20,000 (c) N35,000 (d) N30,000
3. If margin of a business is 331/3% then its mark-up is (a) 60% (b) 25% (c) 50% (d) 1/3 
4. If the sales of a business is N8400 and the business mark-up is 331/3% then the cost of sales is (a) N5000 (b) N6300 (c) N7000 (d) N84000
5. If margin is 1/7 then mark-up is (a) 1/8 (b) 1/9 (c) 1/6 (d) 25%

THEORY

1. The sales of a business is N16,000. Its mark-up is ¼. What is its cost of goods sold? 
2. If the closing stock of the business in question one above is N2,800, what is the cost of goods available for sale?