Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 2

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY                                    

CLASS: SS 2

TERM: 2ND TERM

REFERENCES

• Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools by S.T. Ramalingam
• Essential Biology by M.C Michael 
• New School Biology by H. Stone and Cozen
• SSCE Past Questions and Answers
• New System Biology by Lam and Kwan 
• College Biology by IdodoUmeh
• UTME and Cambridge Past Questions and Answers 
• Biology Practical Textbook

WEEK SIX

TOPIC: TRANSPORT SYSTEM

CONTENT   

• Transport system
• Need for transport system
• Relating transport in lower organism to that in higher organism
• Transport material in animals and plant
• Diverse mechanism of transportation in some organisms
• Transport system in mammals (man)
• Functions of blood   

Transport system

Transport system is the movement of metabolic materials from various parts of an organism where they are produced and transported to other parts where such are used, stored or removed from the body.

Need For Transport System

All living organisms (plants and animals) need transport system for the following reasons 

• To obtain essential materials such as oxygen, water and nutrients.
• To remove metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, water, etc.
• For moving water and mineral salts from the soil through the roots to the various parts of plant.
• For transfer of hormones from production site to site of action.
• For transfer of glucose to various parts of plants.

RELATING TRANSPORT IN LOWER ORGANISMS TO THAT IN HIGHER ORGANISM

EVALUATION

1. What is transport system?
2. State the needs for transport system.

Transport Materials In Animals

Transport Materials in Plants

Other materials transported in plants are:

1. Oxygen 2.nitrogen waste products (latex) 3. amino acids   4. glucose 5. lipids 6. auxins (hormones)   7.mineral salts

Transport Media

Liquid or fluid is usually the medium of transportation of minerals. Generally speaking, the four major media of transportation in organisms are:

Cytoplasm: Used in lower unicellular organisms such as amoeba, chlamydomonas, euglena, etc.

Cell sap/ Latex: A concentrated solution in the cell vacuole of plants.

Blood: Used in most animals, especially vertebrates for conveyance of essential materials like oxygen, digested food, etc.

Lymph:  Found in higher animals. Lymph is a fluid with extra lymphocytes (W.B.C with no red blood cells present). It returns its fluid to the main vein through opening in the subclavian (left jugular) vein below the neck.Lacteal is a lymphatic vessel transporting fatty acids and glycerol. The lymph movement is enhanced by muscular action. It moves through lymph vessel. Some swellings exist in the gut along the lymphatic vessel, especially in the neck, groin and armpit called lymph nodes. These are where lymph passes through to be purified before entering into the blood stream. Unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system ends blindly.

Evaluation

1. Mention two differences between the lymphatic system and the circulatory system. 
2. List transport materials common to both plants and animals

Diverse Mechanisms of Transportation in Some Organisms

Unicellular Organisms

    Materials are transported through the continuous streaming movements. The streaming could be along the direction of movement of the organism, back to front (e.g. Amoeba) or in circular motion (e.g. Paramecium)

Multicellular Organism

1. Hydra

 The movement of the gut wall draws water into the gut and causes digested food and oxygen within it to circulate. Thus the cell lining the gut absorbs the materials. The whopping movement of the flagella of flagellated cells also helps in material circulation in the gut.

• Flatworms

The large body surface area to volume ratio and extensive branching gut throughout the body makes the food and oxygen to diffuse into all the body cells. Movement of the body wall assists to transport waste products out of the body.

• Insects and mollusks

Both have open circulatory system i.e. the heart pumps blood out into a blood vessel with branches open into spaces in the body cavity known as Haemocoels. Blood from these spaces eventually flows into the vessels leading into the heart. Blood flows in unidirectional and blood distribution is poorly controlled.

TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN MAMMALS (MAN)

The media of transportation in man include the blood and lymph.

COMPOSTION AND STRUCTURE OF BLOOD

The blood is a tissue in a fluid form. It is about 5-6 liters in the body. Blood is made of two major components.The blood cells (corpuscles); which are solid.The plasma which; is liquid.

BLOOD CELLS

There are three types

• Red blood cells  (erythrocyte)
• White blood cells   (leucocytes)
• Blood platelets (thrombocytes)                           

RBC- Red Blood Cell                               WBC- White Blood Cell

White blood cells areof two types;

Phagocytes- found in lymphatic system which ingest bacteria, viruses and dead cells to prevent diseases in a process called phagocytosis.

Lymphocytes- made in lymph glands and they produce antibodies i.e. chemicals which stick to the surface of germs to kill them.

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

1. Oxygen is transported through hemoglobin.
2. Temperature regulation by evenly distributing heat produced in the liver and the muscles throughout the body.
3. Transportation of digested food (glucose, amino acid, fatty acids and glycerol) from the villi to all body cells and tissues for use or storage.
4. Transportation of excretory products (C02, water, urea) from site of production to excretory organs like skin, lungs, liver and kidney for removal
5. Transfer of hormones from production site to target organs.
6. Transportation of water (90% of the blood content) to various cells for metabolic activities.
7. Defense against infection through the action of WBC
8. Blood clotting initiated by the platelets when injury is sustained
9. Production of anti bodies by the WBC for destroying pathogens and their harmful product.

GENERAL EVALUATION   

1. State the media for transportation in ten organisms.
2. Compare the transport mechanism of a named unicellular organism to that of a named multi-cellular organism
3. Draw the diagram of RBC, WBC and platelets (label them accordingly)
4. What feature distinguishes lymph from blood plasma?
5. State five functions of blood.

Reading Assignment

College Biology, Chapter 7, Page 147 – 156   

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A

1. The following are true except one about transport in amoeba A. substances are removed over greater distance B. transport is by simple diffusion C. diffusion is enough for transport D. substances are moved over short distance
2. The following metabolic materials are transported from body cells to the skin and kidney  A.sugar B. hormones C. excess salt D. protein
3. The transport medium which plays active roles in the defense and metabolism of lipids is … A. cytoplasm B. lymph C. blood D. platelets
4. The following animals except one has open circulatory system A. goat B. house fly C. snail D. grasshopper.
5. One of the following has nucleus A. red blood cell B. white blood cells C. platelets D. hydra

SECTION B

1. (a) Why is blood a tissue? (b) Differentiate between blood and lymph.
2. Describe the transport system in a named mollusk.