SUBJECT: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
CLASS: SS 2
DATE:
TERM: 1st TERM
TOPIC: DEPRECIATION OF FIXED ASSETS
CONTENT
- Causes of Depreciation
- Reasons for charging depreciation
- Factors to be considered in the computation of depreciation
- Methods of providing for depreciation
NOTES
Depreciation may be defined as the permanent and continuing diminution (or lessening) in the quality, quantity or value of an asset.
CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION
- Physical factors – Assets may depreciate in value as a result of physical factors like humidity (or dampness), heat, erosion, evaporation of liquids, rust, rot and decay etc
- Wear and Tear – An asset may depreciate as a result of constant usage.
- Passage of Time – or Effluxion of Time; Assets like patents, copyrights, leaseholds etc have a fixed period of legal life.They therefore depreciate as a result of passage of time. The depreciation of these intangible assets is known as AMORTISATION
- Obsolescence – Assets may be rendered out of use as a result of new technology or invention or change in fashion. The value of such obsolete assets (e.g. Black and White TV) will reduce drastically over a short period of time.
- Inadequacy or Superfluity – Assets may be out of use because of increase in the output of a firm. In such a situation, assets will be replaced with new and bigger ones.
- Depletion – Some natural resources like gold, crude oil, iron ore deposits, quarries etc reduces in value as they are being exploited or mined. These assets are known as WASTING ASSETS. The more they are extracted, the less the reserve that remains.
REASONS OR ADVANTAGES OF CHARGING DEPRECIATION
- Since it reduces net profit, the tax to be paid will be reduced
- The business will have fund to replace the asset at the end of the useful life
- The value of the assets will not be overstated in the Balance Sheet
- Rather than charging the cost of an asset to the profits in the year of purchase,the cost of an asset is spread over its useful life – this is a demonstration of the matching concept in accounting.
- To ascertain the profit or loss on the disposal of assets.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE COMPUTATION OF DEPRECIATION
- The historical (or original) cost of the asset
- The estimated useful life of the asset
- The estimated scrap value (or salvage) value of the asset
- The method of depreciation to be used e.g. straight line, reducing balance, revaluation method etc
- The internal causes of depreciation
- The external causes of depreciation .
METHODS OF PROVIDING FOR DEPRECIATION
- Straight line Method
- Reducing Balance Method (or Diminishing Balance Method)
- Sum of the years digit
- Revaluation Method
- Depletion Unit Method
Other less common methods include:
- Sinking Fund Method
- Insurance Policy Method
- Annuity Method etc
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1 Define the term depreciation
2 State four causes of depreciation of assets.
STRAIGHT LINE MEHOD
Under this method, an equal amount is charged for depreciation yearly throughout the useful of an asset.
Formula = Cost – Scrap Value
No. of years
Illustration:
The cost of a machine is N50,000. The residual value is N8,000 and is expected to last for 7 years. Calculate the depreciation charge for each of the seven year.
Solution:
Depreciation = Cost – Scrap Value
Estimated Useful life
= 50,000 – 8,000
7
= 42,000
7
= N6,000
N.B. The N6,000 is debited to Profit and Loss Account and credited to the Provision for Depreciation on Machine Account
ADVANTAGES OF THE STRAIGHT LINE METHOD
- It is simple (or easy) to calculate
- It is widely used
- It is time oriented
- It is judicially recommended – Edwards v. Sauntons Hotels
DISADVANTAGES OF THE STRAIGHT LINE METHOD
- It is not suitable (or ideal) for all type of fixed assets. For example, it cannot be used for loose tools
- It is not scientific – as it does not take the efficiency of the asset into consideration
- The assumption of equal depreciation per year is unrealistic
EVALUATION
- List and explain five factors that would be considered in the computation of the annual depreciation of an asset.
- Differentiate between the terms – Depreciation and Amortization
GENERAL EVALUATION
- State six characteristics of depreciable assets
- Explain three differences between a trial balance and a balance sheet
- List seven errors that will affect the agreement of the trial balance
- Explain the following : (i) real account (ii) nominal account (iii) personal account
- List eight items that cause disagreement between Cash Book and bank statement balance
READING ASSIGNMENT
Simplified and Amplified Financial Accounting Page 151 – 167
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
. 1 Which of the following fixed assets is not depreciable (a) building (b) tools (c) land (d)
furniture
2 Patents and Trade marks are classified under (a) Fixed Assets (b) Current Assets
(c)Wasting Assets (d) Intangible Assets
3 Which of the following does not lead to depreciation of assets (a) Wear and tear (b)
Devaluation of Naira (c) Obsolescence (d) Usage
4 Which of the following does not belong to the group (a) straight line (b) insurance
policy (c) accumulated depreciation (d) diminishing balance
5 Depreciation is (a) the cost of replacing fixed assets (b) the cost of repairs incurred on a
fixed asset (c) a charge for the wear and tear of a fixed asset (d) the loss incurred on the
sale of a fixed asset
THEORY
- Give two examples of assets associated with Depreciation and Amortization
- A machine cost N60,000. It will be kept for 5 years and then sold at an estimated figure of N10,000. Show the calculations for depreciation for each year using the Straight Line Method.
