Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 2

SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY

CLASS:  SS2

DATE:

TERM: 1ST TERM

REFERENCE MATERIAL

• Essential Geography for Senior Secondary Schools, O.A. Iwena.

 
WEEK ONE AND TWO

SCHEME OF WORK

1&2    REVISION/ACTION OF RUNNING WATER

3    ACTION OF WIND

4    ACTION OF GLACIER

5    ACTION OF WAVE

6    CLIMATE

7    CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE

8    ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES

9    RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES

10    ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

11    REVISION

REFERENCE MATERIAL

• Essential Geography for Senior Secondary Schools, O.A. Iwena.

FOR WEEKS ONE AND TWO

TOPIC: ACTION OF RUNNING WATER (RIVER)

Running water is one of the most important agents of denudation. Rivers are involved in erosion transportation and deposition of materials.

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH RIVERS

(1)    Source of a river: The source a river refers to where a river starts or begins, usually around highlands.

(2)    Course of a river: This refers to the path or channel through which the river flows.

(3)    Mouth of a river: This is where the river ends or where it enters into the sea, ocean or lake.

(4)    River basin or catchment area: It refers to all the areas drained by a river and its tributaries.

(5)    Water shed or water divide:    It is the highland area which separatestwo or more rivers or two river basins. It is from the watershed that rivers take their sources.  

(6)    River regime: This refers to the seasonal changes in the volume of water in a river in a year. It could be single regime where there is one period of high volume and one period of low volume and double regime where there are two distinct periods of high volume of water in a year. Knowledge of a river regime is important to man in controlling floods, storing up water for irrigation and human consumption and also for planning H.E.P production.

(7)    Confluence of a river: This refers to the meeting point of two rivers.

(8)    Tributaries: These are smaller rivers or streams that join together to form a larger river.

(9)    Distributaries: These are channels formed by the division of a river as it flows into the sea. They are usually found in the delta region of a river.

(10)    River energy: It refers to the velocity of a river. The efficiency of a river to erode and transport the eroded materials depends very much on its velocity.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE VELOCITY OF A RIVER

(a)    The volume of water released.                 (b) Slope of the river valley.

(c)    Shape of the river valley.                            (d) Amount and size of materials.

STAGES OF A RIVER

The entire length, valley or course of a river is divided into three main stages.

(1)    The upper course or mountain course (Youthful stage).

(2)    The middle course or valley course (Mature stage).

(3)    The lower course or plain course (Old stage).

UPPER COURSE OF A RIVER

CHARACTERISTICS OF UPPER COURSE OF A RIVER:

(a)    It marks thebeginning or source of a River.

(b)    It is found around highland areas.

(c)    It has steep sides.

(d)    The river flows swiftly down the steep slope.

(e)    The dominant work of the river is vertical corrosion or erosion.

PROCESSES OF RIVER EROSION

The load or materials carried by a river are the main agents of erosion, but the erosive work of a river consist of four processes. These are:

(a)    Hydraulic action: In this process, fast flowing water forces itself into cracks and joints within the valley under pressure and enlarges the cracks.

(b)    Corrosion: Corrosion is the wearing away of the sides and floor of the river with the aid of sand, pebbles, silts and boulders which are being transported. These materials eventually widen and deepen the river valley.

(c)    Attrition: This is the wearing down of the load as they collide with one another and with the floor and side of the valley. Large boulders are broken down into small pieces like pebbles.

(d)    Solution: This refers to chemical action of water on materials it comes in contact with while flowing. Here, rock salt is dissolved and carried away in solution.

FEATURES OF UPPER COURSE OF A RIVER

(a)    V-Shaped Valley

(b)    Gorge 

(c)    River Capture

(d)    Rapid and Cataracts

(e)    Waterfall

MIDDLE COURSE OF A RIVER

Characteristics of Middle Course of a River

(a)    Lateral erosion is dominant over vertical erosion, resulting in widening of the river valley.

(b)    There is increase in the volume of water due to addition of more water from tributaries.

(c)    There is increase in the load of the river.

(d)    The work of the river is mainly transportation with little deposition.

EVALUATION

1. Mention the stages of a river and a feature in each stage.
2. Mention three characteristics of a river in its middle course.

PROCESSES OF RIVER TRANSPORTATION

The load of a river is carried or transported along the course of a river through four main processes. These are:

(a)    Solution                                                   (b)    Suspension

(c)    Saltation                                                   (d)    Traction

FEATURES OF MIDDLE COURSE OF A RIVER

(a)    Wide V- shaped Valley

(b)    Meander

(c)    River Cliff and Slip – off Slopes

(d)    Interlocking Spur

LOWER COURSE OF A RIVER

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LOWER COURSE OF A RIVER

1. The main work of the river is deposition of materials.
2. There is active lateral erosion.
3. There is lowering of the gradient of the valley floor.
4. There is drastic reduction in the speed of the river.

FEATURES OF LOWER COURSE OF A RIVER:

(a)    Flood plain

(b)    Levees

(c)    Ox-bow lake                       

(d)    Braided river

(e)    Delta

DRAINAGE PATTERN

A river system which includes the main river and its tributaries may develop certain patterns from their basin and the types of drainage patterns include:

• Dendritic drainage pattern: In this type, the tributaries called the subsequent rivers join the main river called the consequent river at oblique angle. It is a tree like structure i.e. like branches of a tree which develop on homogenous rocks of bed.

1. Trellised drainage pattern: This is formed due to the alternate layers of hard and soft rocks, resulting in the tributaries following the pattern of the rock structure and at right- angle to the main river in form of rectangular shape.
2. Radial drainage pattern: The streams or tributaries flow outward and down the hill thus given rise to a radial drainage pattern like the shape of a bicycle wheel.
3. Centripetal drainage pattern: In this type, many rivers or streams flow from different directions into a lake.
4. Annular drainage pattern: The main stream or river almost form a concentric ring around a highland i.e it almost flows round or encircles a hill. 

IMPORTANCE OF RIVERS

• Medium of transportation.

1. Generation of hydro-electric power (H.E.P) where rapids and waterfalls exist.
2. It Provides water for irrigation purposes.
3. Provision of water for domestic and industrial purposes.
4. Formation of flood plain by rivers also provides fertile soil for agricultural activities.
5. Rivers provide food e.g. fish, prawns, crabs, etc.
6. It provides employment to many people e.g. fishermen and canoe builders.

(8)    Some rivers act as political boundaries between states, regions and nations.

(9)    Some rivers are centers of tourist attraction and may generate foreign exchange.

EVALUATIONQUESTIONS

1. Mention two features of a river in the lower stage.
2. Mention four ways a river can transport its load.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. What is running water?
2. State the stages of a river.
3. Explain the processes of river erosion.
4. State the processes of river transportation.
5. Mention the features of a river in its lower course.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Essential Geography, O.A. Iwena, Pages 51-58.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. The point where a river enters into the sea, ocean or lake is known as (a) Course of a river (b) mouth of a river (c) source of a river (d) end of a river
2. Which of these is not a feature of the middle course of a river? (a) gorge (b) meander (c) river cliff (d) interlocking spurs
3. The following conditions are favourable for the formation of delta except (a) Strong current running at right angle to the river mouth (b) active vertical erosion in the upper course of the river (c) sheltered and almost tireless coast (d) absence of large lakes in the course
4. The processes of river transportation include the following except (a) saltation (b) hydration (c) solution (d) traction
5. Which of these is not a feature of the lower course of a river? (a) ox-bow lakes (b) delta (c) rapids and cataract (d) leaves 

THEORY

1. With the aid of a diagram, describe river piracy.
2. With the aid of a diagram, describe ox-bow lake.