Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 1

SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE    

CLASS:  SS1

DATE:

TERM: 3RD TERM

REFERENCES

• Essential Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools by O. A. Iwena
• Agricultural Science WAEC PQ
• Practical approach to animal production and health by Akinlade J. A. et al.
• General outlook to livestock production by Akinlade J. A. et al.
• Essential biology for Senior Secondary Schools by M. C. Michael
• Wikipedia

WEEK NINE

LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT

CONTENT

MANAGEMENT OF A MONOGASTRIC ANIMAL (PIGS)

• Terms used in pigs management
• Breeds of pigs
• Characteristics of pigs
• System of rearing pigs
• Housing, feeding and hygiene
• Management of pigs

Pigs are non-ruminant animals in the genus sus, within even-toed ungulate family suidae. They are primarily reared for meat.

TERMS USED IN PIGS MANAGEMENT

Boar: a mature male pig            Sow: a mature female pig   

Piglet: young or baby pig farrowed    Barrow: a castrated male pig

Pork: pig’s meat                In-sow: pregnant sow

Dry sow: a sow that is not pregnant    Fatheners: pigs reared for meat

Farrowing: act of parturition in pigs    Lard: pig fat 

Gilt: mature female pig that has not reproduced or has only reproduced once       

BREEDS OF PIGS

Hampshire        Yorkshire (Largewhite)    Poland china        Landrace

Berkshire        Large black            West African dwarf     Duroc

CHARACTERISTICS OF PIGS

1. Pork is a good source of protein 
2. It has a short gestation period of 114 days ( 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
3. Pigs are prolific animals, it farrows twice a year with 8-14 piglets per litter.
4. Have excellent dressing percentage (the ratio of meat to bone is very high)
5. Excellently converts feed to meat
6. Matures quickly (6 – 9 months)
7. They are polyestrus (they can breed at any time of the year)
8. Their salvage value is high

EVALUATION

1. List five breeds of pigs.
2. List and explain five terms used in pig management.
3. Outline five characteristics of pigs

SYSTEMS OF REARING PIGS

EXTENSIVE SYSTEM

This is a system in which pigs are allowed to move out and fend for themselves. The system is not capital intensive. The animals are exposed to adverse weather condition. They are exposed to disease and parasite infestation. Advantage of this system includes low cost of labour, low capital requirement, reduced feeding cost, spread of disease is reduces etc. Disadvantage of this system includes increased exposure to disease causing agents, increased risk of theft, exposure of animals to adverse weather conditions, no monitoring of animals, production is relatively low.

SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM

In this system, housing is provided for the pigs and they are allowed to move out to feed on 

natural vegetation. They are housed in a fenced compound with a wallow place where they can cool their body temperature. The system is less capital intensive but labor requirement, diseases and parasite infestation are slightly high. Concentrate feed are offered to the animals.

INTENSIVE SYSTEM

In this system, pigs are confined within a building and they are not allowed to move out of the compound. They are reared in pens. Necessary materials such as feeds, water, medications are provided for them. They are protected from adverse weather condition but the system is capital intensive and growth rate is very high.

EVALUATION

1. Discuss briefly the extensive system of rearing pigs.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the intensive system of rearing pigs?

HOUSING OF PIGS

Pigs are housed in pens. Pens should be sited far from residential areas because of their odor and noises. The house should be made of low walls with concrete floors which allow for free flow of air. The floor should be hard and slope towards the drain for easy cleaning. The floor should be slightly rough to prevent slippery of pigs. The roof should be made of asbestos for easy absorption of heat. Feed trough, water trough and water bath should be provided.

FEEDING

Balanced diet should be offered to pigs. They should be well fed but not over fed to prevent excessive fat deposition. Breeders mash should be fed to breeders. Flushing which is the intake of the gilt or sow to produce more eggs should be done 7-10 days before breeding and maintained until the animal is bred. Pregnant or in-sow should not be over fed so as to prevent excessive deposition leading to small litter size. Laxative diet should be given to pregnant animals to aid easy parturition and lactation. Creep feed should be given to piglets as from two weeks of age to promote rapid growth. Creep feeding is feeding piglet separate from the dam (the feed is either pelleted or crumbled). Weaners diet should be given to weaners from about 14 weeks at the rate of 1kg / pig / day and 2.5litres of water. During fattening stage, fatteners mash should be given to pigs until they reach market weight of 60-90kg at 7months.

HEALTH/HYGIENE

1. The pens should be regularly cleaned by scrubbing the floor.
2. The pens should be regularly disinfected to prevent germs.
3. The feeding and water trough should be cleaned to prevent contamination.
4. They should be de-wormed at regular interval.
5. They should be vaccinated against diseases.

EVALUATION

1. What is the importance of the following feed in pig management A. laxative B. creep feed C. fatteners mash?
2. Discuss briefly hygiene in pigs’ management.

MANAGEMENT OF PIGS

The management of pigs from breeding to finishing is discussed under 3 headings.

BREEDING TO FARROWING

Breeders are housed in the breeders’ house. Boar and gilt should be at least 8months old before they are   bred. The gilt must have at least 12 spaced functional teats. Gilt or sow is made to mate in the second day of heat and the next mating done 24 hours later.

The gilt should be taken to farrowing house 3 to 4 days before parturition.

BIRTH TO WEANING

Heat is provided for the piglets to prevent cold. The middle tooth is cut off to prevent injury to the mother’s teats and other piglets while fighting. 

The first dose of iron dextian injection is given to piglets at 2-3 days of age while the second dose is given 2-3 weeks later to prevent baby pig anaemia.

Male piglets not needed for breeding are castrated at 2 weeks of age. They are ear-notched for the purpose of identification and weaned at 42 days.

WEANING TO FINISHING

Weaner’s are fed with weaner’s mash and fattener’s mash few weeks later. Drugs and vaccines should be provided. They should be allowed to exercise their body to prevent fat build up. 

Wallow place should be provided since they are non-sweating animals.

Fatteners reach market weight at about 5-6 months of age depending on management and nutrition.

PARASITES AND DISEASES OF PIGS

The greatest enemy of animal production is parasite and disease, it has no good, all bad is what comes from it. To this end farmers must ensure they put things such as 

1. Effective management
2. Adequate nutrition
3. Proper hygiene and sanitation
4. Well-designed housing in place to save guard their investment.

External parasites include mange, mites, ticks, lice, flea all these can be controlled by spraying their post with pesticide regularly or dipping them in insecticide solution. 

Internal parasites are round worm (ascarislumbricoides), whip worm (trichurissuis), nodular worm (oesophagostomum app), kidney worm (stepphanurusdentatus), lungworm (metastrongylus app), tapeworm (taeniasolium). They can be controlled by giving animals broad spectrum anthelmintics and dewormers, timely cleaning of graces from pig houses.

COMMON DISEASE IN PIGS

AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

This is a highly contagious disease caused by virus and likely transmitted by tick. It is characterized by high fever, loss of appetite, depression, weak and uncoordinated movement, reddening of skin around ears, nose, and hind legs, abortion in pregnant sow, respiratory disorder (labored breathing, nasal and ocular discharge), and death within 48 hours. 

This disease has no treatment yet but can be avoided by obtaining stock from ASF free farms, slaughter infected pigs and disinfect pig houses thoroughly with 10% solution of caustic soda and keep the pen empty for about 2months

SWINE ERYSIPELAS

Also referred to as diamond skin disease is caused by bacteria (Erysipelothrixrhusiopathiae) that could come in contact with healthy animals via infected soil or feaces from infected animals. It manifests through fever (pyrexia), unwillingness to stand, swellings in joints, lameness. It can be treated with antibiotics such as penicillin.

HYPOGLYCAEMIA

Also known as baby pig disease manifests mostly in piglets and could be very deadly. Symptoms include shivering, standing hairs, weakness, and fall in temperature, twisted neck and uncoordinated eye balls. Death could occur within 2days. Provide warmth to pigs farrowing in cold season to prevent this disease and give diseased animal glucose injection. 

EVALUATION

1. State two disadvantages of intensive method of rearing pigs.
2. Discuss briefly the management of pigs from A. birth to weaning B. weaning to finishing

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Outline four characteristics of pigs
2. List five breeds of pigs
3. List three systems of rearing pigs
4. State two advantages of intensive method of rearing pigs
5. Mention two disadvantages of extensive method of rearing pigs
6. Discuss briefly the feeding and hygiene of pigs
7. Discuss briefly the management of pigs from breeding to finishing

READING ASSIGNMENT

• Essential Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools by O.A. Iwena chapter 29 page 309 – 314
• Answer the following questions from WAEC PAQ 2008 theory question 7 and 8, 2009 theory question 7 and 8,  2010 theory question 8, 2011 theory question 7

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. A matured male pig is called ____ A. boar B. bull C. sow D. buck
2. The gestation period in days of a sow is ____ days A. 124 B. 183 C. 114 D. 141
3. The house of pigs are referred to as ____ A. hutch B. sty C. paddock D. stable
4. Diet given to pregnant sow to aid easy parturition and lactation is referred to as A. mash B. flushing C. creep D. laxative
5. Which of the following is a breed if pig A. Chinchilla B. Tam worth C. Chester white D.Duroc

THEORY

State two advantages and two disadvantages each of i) Extensive system  ii) Intensive system of rearing pigs