Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 1

Date: 13^th -17^th of February 2023

Class: SSS 1

Term: 2^nd Term

Week: 6

Subject: Agricultural Science

Topic: Crop Husbandry

Duration: 45 minutes

Teaching Aid: A chart

Reference Books: Essential Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools by O.A Iwena (pg 148-151)

Comprehensive Certificate Agricultural Science for Senior Secondary Schools by L.A et Al (pg 259-264)

Behavioural Objectives: By the end of this topic, students should be able to

1. Discuss husbandry of orange
2. Discuss the husbandry of banana

Presentation I

Step 1: Teacher revises last topic

Step 2: Teacher introduces and explains new topic

Step 3: Teacher writes note on the board

Step 4: Teacher evaluates students

Step 5: Teacher marks students' notes and give assignment

Previous knowledge: Students have been taught cultural practices

Content

ORANGE (Citrus sinensis)

Orange is a fruit crop which belongs to the citrus family. The fruit of orange called berry is succulent, fleshy and juicy and it is rich in vitamins and minerals.

Land preparation: The Land is cleared with cutlass and stumping is done. The land is then ploughed and harrowed mechanically.

Varieties/Cultivars: Varieties of the citrus spp. or family include:

Climatic and soil requirement: Sweet Orange requires a temperature of , rainfall of 75cm – 125cm per anum and a well-drained fertile and deep soil. It also requires a higher elevation and slightly sloping land.

Planting materials: (i) seeds (ii) Budded seedlings (iii) Grafted seedlins

Method of Propagation: Sexually (by seeds) and vegetative propagation e.g budding.

Planting date: (i) Pre-nursery is ideal between October and December and Nursery in April and May. (iii) Budding is done a year later.

(ii)       nursery is 60cm x 60cm and

(iii)      field is 7.0m x 7.0m

Nursery Practices

Pre-nursery: (i) The seeds are raised in seed trays by October – December in a loamy soil, rich in organic matter.

(ii)       the seeds are sown 3cm x 3cm at 2cm deep.

Nursery: (i) The seedlings are now replanted at 60cm x 60cm spacing

(ii)       it is planted around April and May.

(iii)      Watering, weeding and shading are provided.

(iv)      Budding and grafting are done a year later.

Transplanting: After one year of budding, the seedlings are transplanted to the field at a spacing of 7.0m x 7.0m

Cultural practices

(i)        Weeding: This is done regularly by cutlassing or by herbicides.

(ii)       Fertilizer application: Sulphate of ammonium at the rate of 350kg/ha is applied by ring method at regular intervals.

(iii)      Mulching is also done during dry season.

(iv)      irrigation, especially during dry season, is also practiced

(v)       Pruning can also be done

(vi)      Insects and diseases should be controlled and prevented

Maturity Period: This occurs between three and seven years

Harvesting: Clean or spot-picking of matured or ripe fruits with hand or harvesting knife is done carefully and over a period of time.

Processing and Storage: Orange can be processed into orange juice which can be stored in canned or bottled form.

Pest of Orange

(1)       Thrips (2)       Red Mites       (3)       Scale insects    (4)       Aphids                        (5)       Fruit borers     (6)       Caterpillars.

All these pests attack citrus leaves, flowers and fruits.

Control: Spray with insecticides like Gammalin 20 and Malathion.

(7)       Leafhoppers: These attack citrus leaves, leading to defoliation and reduced yield.

Control: By handpicking; (ii) use poison baits.

Diseases of Orange

(1)       Gummosis: It is caused by a fungus phytophthora spp. which is spread by air and through the soil. Symptoms of the disease include rottening of the bark near the gound, drying and cracking of bark, release (exude) of gum or slimy substance and leaves turns yellow and begin to die back.

Control: (i) Use resistant varieties (ii) Spray with approximate fungicides. (iii) paint the trunk with crude carbolic water.

(2)       Tristeza: It is a viral disease transmitted by aphid. Symptoms include phloem necrosis and swelling at bud union.

Control: Use resistant varieties.

(3)       Cirtus Scab: It is a fungal disease, (sphaceloma Faucett) which spreads within the soil. It attacks young leaves and stem, especially in nursery stage.

Control: Treat with fungicide, e.g, Bordeaux mixture.

BANANA (Musa spp.)

Land Preparation: Clearing of the land which is followed by stumping and making of ridges or heaps.

It can also be done mechanically through ploughing, harrowing and ridging.

Varieties/Cultivars: Gross Michel; Cavendish (dwarf); red banana; canary banana.

Climatic and soil requirement: Banana plant requires a temperature of , rainfall of 150cm – 200cm per annum and a well drained, rich loamy soil.

Planting Materials: These are corm (or bits), peeper suckers, sword sucker and maiden sucker.

Propagation/Planting date: Banana is propagated by vegetative means any time from April to September. Dig a hole and plant the sucker with ball of earth. The hole should be 60cm x 60cm. the holes are filled with soil mixed with organic matter.

Spacing: 4m x 4m

Cultural Practices

1. Weeding: This should be done regularly to prevent competition with crops for nutrients.
2. Mulching: This should be done to prevent evaporation

• Fertilizer Application: Apply muriate of potash 25kg/ha by ring method at regular intervals.

1. Pruning: This should be done to avoid over-population per stand.
2. Pests and other insects should be controlled

Maturity Period: it matures between 12-18 months, depending on the variety.

Harvesting: A bunch of banana is harvested when the fruit is severed from the bunch stalk by using cutlass. At times, the pseudo-stem is cut until the tree falls.

Processing/Storage: Banana is either eaten raw when ripe or can be processed into juice which is stored in cans. The ripe fruit can be stored temporarily in refrigerator.

Pests of Banana

(i)        Stem Borer: The larvae of some insects bore into and destroy the tissue of the plant.

Control: (i) Apply dieldrin dust or furadan.

(ii)       Nematode: It makes the root of banana to grow galls or knots, leading to poor growth.

Control: Use appropriate nematicide.

(iii)      Rats and Monkeys: These eat up the matured or ripe fruits.

Control: (i) Use poison baits (ii) Set traps.

(iii)      Harvest ripe fruit early.

Diseases of Banana

(i)        Panama disease: it is caused by fungus (Fusarium oxysperum) which is spread through the soil. Symptoms include collapsing of the petiole and withering of the leaves.

Control: (i) Use resistant varieties. (ii) Spray with fungicide

(ii)       Leaf spot (or Sigatoka) disease: It is caused by a fungus (cercospora mycosiphaerella) which is transmitted by air or wind. Symptoms include yellow or brown chlorotic spots which later unite to form or bind lateral to parallel vein.

Control: Spray with fungicide, e.g. Bordeaux mixture

(iii)      Bunchy top disease: it is caused by a virus transmitted by an insect. Symptoms include stunted plant with crowded leaves having curled edges.

Control: Ensure field sanitation. (ii) Bury or burn infected plants