SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
CLASS: SS1
DATE:
TERM: 1ST TERM
REFERENCE MATERIAL
- Essential Geography for Senior Secondary Schools, O.A. Iwena.
WEEK THREE
TOPIC: EARTH AS A PLANET
The shape of the earth
The earth has a spherical shape. Its shape can also be described as GEOID.
Though we walk on “flat” surface, it is almost like a sphere and it is slightly flattened at the two poles.
There are many facts to prove that the earth is spherical.
Size of the Earth
The earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system. The surface area of the earth is approximately 443 million square kilometers (197 million square miles). The earth has a polar diameter of about 12,722km and equatorial diameter of about 12,762km. At the equator, the earth measures about 40,085km in circumference. The polar circumference is 39,955km. Its mean density is estimated to be 5.5 gram per cubic centimeters.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- The shape of the earth is _____?
- Describe the size of the earth.
PROOFS OF THE EARTH’S SPHERICITY
- Circumnavigation of the Earth: Ferdinand Magellan and his crew sailed round the world between 1519 and 1522 and came back to their starting point. Since then, several other people have done so thereby confirming the fact that the earth is not flat but spherical. If the Earth was flat, they would have met an abrupt edge thereby falling off.
- Sunrise and Sunset: Different parts of the world experience sunrise and sunset at different times. If the earth were flat, the sun would rise and set at the same time for all places. Note that the Earth rotates from west to east, so places in the east see the sun first before places in the west. The sun is said to rise in the east and set at the west.
- Aerial Photographs: Photographs of the earth taken from high altitudes by rockets shows that the earth is spherical. This is the most recent proof of the sphericity of the earth.
- The Lunar Eclipse: During lunar eclipse, the earth casts a circular shadow on the moon. Only a sphere, like the earth can cast such a circular shadow.
- Ship’s Visibility: When a ship approaching a port is viewed, the top of the mast is seen first before the hull and later the rest of the ship’s body. In the same way, if a ship leaves a harbour, it disappears gradually. If the earth is flat, the ship from a distant view would appear and disappear at once.
- Shape of other Planets/Planetary Bodies: When the sun, moon, stars and other planetary bodies are viewed from any angle, they are all circular in outline. So the earth cannot be an exception.
- Experimental Proof/ Engineer Surveys/Driving Poles of Equal Length: Three poles of equal length driven at the same depth in a level ground were found to have the center pole projected slightly above the poles at either side because of the curvature of the earth. If the earth was flat, all the poles would have been at the same height
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- Give four proofs that the earth is spherical in shape.
- Who was the first man to travel round the world by sea?
MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH
It is the earth on which we stand that is constantly in motion. It revolves round the Sun and turns its different sides to the Sun at different times. When the sun emerges, we say the sun is rising and when the sun recedes, we say the sun is setting. Earth’s movement can be grouped into two: The Rotation of the earth and The Revolution of the earth.
THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH
The rotation of the earth is the movement of the earth on its axis. By turning its axis from the west to the east, the earth makes a complete rotation i.e it rotates through 360° in every 24 hours which makes a day. We should note that the earth rotates through 15o in 1 hour or through 1o in 4 minutes.
EFFECTS OF EARTH ROTATION
- DAY AND NIGTH: As the earth rotates, only one part of the earth surface facing the sun receives the rays of the sun and experiences day, while the other part of the earth backing the sun experiences darkness(night).
- TIME DIFFERENCES FROM PLACE TO PLACE: it causes difference in local time between places as the earth rotates from west to east, it means that for every 15° we go eastward, the local time is advanced by 1hr and for every 15° westward, the local time is behind by 1hour.
- APPARENT SUNRISE AND SUNSET: During the rotation of the earth, the part that emerges from darkness into the rays of the sun experiences sunrise, while the part moving away from the sun rays experiences sunset. It thereby causes apparent sunrise and sunset.
- DEFLECTION OF WIND AND OCEAN CURRENT: The earth rotation causes freely moving object e.g. wind and ocean current to deflect to the right. This deflection is in a clockwise direction when the object lies in the northern hemisphere and it is an anticlockwise direction for an object lying in the southern hemisphere.
- DAILY RISING AND FALLING OF THE TIDE: This is the rising and falling in the level of water in Seas and Oceans. This takes place twice every day.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- Explain the term earth rotation.
- Mention three effects of the earth rotation.
- The earth rotates on its own ______.
B: EARTH REVOLUTION
The word “Revolution” refers to the movement of one body around the sun, the moon revolves around the earth while the earth revolves round the sun.
The moon revolves around the earth once a month. The earth and moon travel together making a complete trip around the sun once a year. Eclipses occur when the three bodies, the sun, the earth and the moon are in straight line.
When the moon comes in-between the earth and the sun, an eclipse of the sun occurs (solar eclipse). When the earth is in-between the sun and the moon, an eclipse of the moon occurs (lunar eclipse).
Revolution is the movement of the earth on its orbit round the sun once in approximately 365 1/4 days i.e one year. Every fourth year has 366days and this is called a leap year. All other years have 365days.
EFFECTS OF EARTH REVOLUTION
- It determines a year: The time it takes a planet to complete one revolution around the sun determines one year in that planet. One year in earth is 365 ¼ days.
- Revolution determines the seasons. There are two main seasons in tropical belt. These seasons are rain and dry season, while in the temperate belt, there are four distinct seasons, summer, autumn, winter and spring.
- Changes in the altitude of the mid-day sun: This refers to Equinox and Solstices.
- Varying length of day and night at different times of the year: The length of day and night varies depending on the position of the earth in relation to the sun.
- Changes in seasonal temperature: It is observed that summers are usually warm and bright while winters are cold and dark in the arctic region.
Dawn and Twilight
Dawn refers to the brief period between sunrise and full daylight while twilight refers to the brief period between sunset and complete darkness.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- Explain earth revolution.
- State four effects of earth revolution.
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- Describe the shape of the earth.
- Explain three proofs to show the shape of the earth.
- Describe the size of the earth.
- Give two reasons to show that the shape of the earth is not flat.
- The sun rises where?
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Geography, O.A. Iwena, Pages 7-9.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- When a ship appears over the distant horizon, the (a) hull is seen before the cabin (b) hull and the mast are seen together (c) mast is seen before the hull
- The planet earth lies between (a) mercury and venus (b) mars and Jupiter (c) venus and mars
- Which of the following is not a proof of the earth’s sphericity? (a) circumnavigation of the earth (b) deflection of wind (c) the circular horizon
- The earth is the ……. largest planet in the solar system (a) third (b) fifth (c) sixth
- The shape of the earth can also be described as ……. shape (a) egg (b) graph (c) geoid
THEORY
- List five proofs of the earth sphericity.
- Give four characteristics of the planet earth.
