Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Senior Secondary School 1

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

CLASS:  SS 1

DATE:

TERM: 1st TERM

REFERENCE MATERIALS

• New School Chemistry for Senior Secondary School by Osei Yaw A.
• Practical Chemistry for Schools and Colleges by G. O. Ojokuku
• Calculation in Chemistry by E.U. Akusoba and G.O Ewelukwa
• WASSCE Past Questions and Answers on Chemistry
• UTME Past Questions and Answers on Chemistry

 
WEEK TEN

TOPIC: STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

CONTENT

• Orbitals of The Atom
• Electronic Structure Of the Atom
• Filling Of Electrons in to Orbitals
• Quantum Numbers

ORBITALS OF THE ATOM

The region in space within which there is maximum possibility of finding an electron in an atom is called an ATOMIC ORBITAL. We have s, p, d, and f orbitals.

Shapes of s and p orbitals are as follows:                     

                       s-orbital                                            

px orbital

                                               py orbital                                                                         pz    orbital

EVALUATION

1. Define atomic orbital
2. State the shape of (i) S-orbital (ii) P-orbital.

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

With the knowledge of atomic orbital the spectra of more complex atoms than hydrogen atom can be explained as follows:

1. a) that within a given principal quantum number or energy level, there are sub energy levels, i.e. energy levels otherwise called K,L,M,N,O,P AND Q shells have sub-energy levels otherwise called s,p,d and f orbitals 

(b) The total number of sub-shells within a shell is given by n2

while the total maximum number of  electrons is given by 2n2 where n is  the number of  enregy level.

Energy Level                             Number of orbitals                    Maximum No of electrons 

n = 1(K- shell)                              12 =1                                         2×12 =2

 n =2 (L- shell)                              22 = 4                                       2×22 = 8

 n = 3 (M- shell)                          32 = 9                                       2×32 = 18

 n = 4 (N- shell)                           42 =16                                      2× 42 = 32

n = 5 (O- shell)                            52 = 25                                     2× 52 =50

n = 6 (P-shell)                              62 = 36                                     2×62 =72

n = 7 (Q - shell)                           72  = 49                                      2×72 = 98                     

(c) In a given orbital there could be a maximum of only two electrons and electron in all orbitals of the same type within a principal quantum number possess equal energies.

(d) The electrons in the different sub- shells or orbitals within a principal quantum number do not all have equal energies.

The gradation of energies of orbitals is as follows:

1s< 2s<2p<3s<3p<3d<4s<4p<4d--- 

EVALUATION

1. State the first five energy levels.
2. Calculate the total no of electrons when n is equal to (i) 2 (ii) 4.

FILLING OF ELECTRONS IN ORBITALS

In filling electrons into the atoms of elements, considerations are given to the conditions laid down by Aufbau Principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.

AUFBAU PRINCIPLE states that electrons go in to fill orbitals of lower energy first before filling orbitals of higher energy and each orbital may hold up to two electrons.

PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE states that no two electrons have identical sets of the four quantum numbers {n, l, m and s in an atom}.

HUND’S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY state that in filling degenerate orbitals with electrons, electrons go in singly first before pairing up occurs.

EVALUATION

State the following principle

{a} Aufbau Principle {b} Hund’s rule.

QUANTUM NUMBERS

Studies show that the energy of an electron may be characterized by four quantum numbers. These are

{1}The principal quantum number represented by n with integral values of 1,2,3,4 e.t.c.

{2}The subsidiary or Azimuthal quantum number represented by l with integral values  

      ranging from O to (n-1).

(3) The magnetic quantum number represented by m with integral values ranging 

      from –l to +l.

4. The spin quantum number represented by s with integral values – 1/2 and = 1/2.

Element           Atomic Number         Electronic configuration.

H                           1                               1S1

He                          2                              1S2

Li                           3                              1S2 2S1

Be                          4                              1S2 2S2

B                            5                              1S2 2S2 2P1

C                            6                              1S2 2S2 2P2

N                            7                              1S2 2S2 2P3

O                            8                              1S2 2S2 2P4 

F                             9                              1S2 2S2 2P5 

Ne                         10                              1S2 2S2 2P6 

Na                         11                              1S2 2S2 2P6 3S1

Mg                         12                              1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2

Al                           13                             1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P1

Si                            14                             1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P2

P                             15                             1S2 2S2 2P63S233P3

S                             16                             1S2 2S2 2P63S2 3P4

Cl                            17                             1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P5

Ar                            18                             1S2 2S2 2P6 3S23P6

K                             19                             1S2 2S2 2P6 3S23P6 4S1

Ca                            20                             1S2 2S2 2P6 3S23P6 4S2 

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. State the four quantum numbers.
2. Write the electronic configuration of the following a) Mg b) S2- c) Ca2+ d) Si 

READING ASSIGNMENT

• New School Chemistry By O.Y. Ababio pg 49-54.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Which of the following orbitals is spherical in shape?

1. s (b) p (c) d (d) f 

2. Which of the following shells have a maximum of eight electrons ?

1. k (b) l (c) m (d) n

3. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3p1 is the electronic configuration of 

1. potassium (b) calcium (c) sodium  (d) aluminum.

4. “No two electrons have identical sets of four quantum numbers”. This statement is 

1. Aufbau principle (b) Pauli exclusion (c) Hund’s rule (d) Rutherford’s model.

5. Which of the quantum number is represented by L?

1. principal quantum no (b) subsidiary quantum no (c) magnetic quantum 

(d) spin quantum.

THEORY

1. State the following principle (a) Pauli exclusion principle. (b) Aufbau principle.
2. Write the electronic configuration of

(a) Oxygen 

(b) Calcium (c) Chloride ion (Cl-) (d) Aluminum ion (Al3+)