Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary School 3

SUBJECT:�BUSINESS STUDIES ��

CLASS:� JSS3

DATE:

TERM: 3RD TERM

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WEEK 2

TOPIC: REVIEW OF THE VOWEL SOUNDS/SHORT FORMS AND PHRASES AND CIRCLE S/Z AND DOTING

VOWEL SOUNDS

In shorthand the sound of the first vowel in a word determines where and how a word

is written.� There are 12 vowels in Pitman Shorthand and in English Language. In shorthand these vowels are grouped as follows:-

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FIRST PLACE VOWELS

These are four in number and are written in the first place, that is, at the beginning of a stroke. When the first vowel in a word is a first place vowel, the outline is written in the first position, ie thebfirst downstroke� or upstroke in the outline is written above the line. Examples

1 Long ‘ah’ is represented by a heavy dot as in

���Pa, Ma, Calm, Palm, etc

2 Short ‘a’ is represented by a light dot as in

at,� � add, � path, � � pal, � � pack, etc

3 Long ‘aw’ is represented by a heavy dash eg

saw,� � paw, � pawpaw,� � ball,� � bought, � � talk, etc.

4 Short ‘o’ is represented by a light dash eg

top, � odd, � doll, � dog, � job, etc.

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SECOND PLACE VOWELS

These are represented by two heavy vowels ‘0’ and ‘a’ as in

1 toe, � oat,� � oath,� � boat,� � both, etc.� – these are represented by heavy dashes� placed�

���at the middle of� the outlines and

2� pay,� � may, � � say,� � bay, etc – these are represented by heavy dots at the middle of�

the outline and

Two light vowels ‘o’ and ‘a’ as in

3 cup, � us,� � up, � touch,� � Dutch, etc – represented by light dashes at the middle of the

���outlines

4 get,� � engage,� � enough, etc. – represented by light dots at the middle of the outlines

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THIRD PLACE VOWELS

These are four in number – two for long vowels ‘e’ and ‘oo’ as in

1 fee, � feed,� � deep,� � keep, � teach,� � theme, etc – represented with heavy dots at the�

���end of the outlines, and as in

2 chew,� � shoe,� � food,� � move, � youth, etc. – represented by heavy dashes at the end�

���of the outlines.

Two short ‘i’ and ‘oo’ as in

3 bit, � pick,� � big,� � ship, etc – represented with light dots at the end of the outlines�

and

4 book,� � look,� � took,� � wood, etc. – represented with light dashes at the end of the�

���outlines.

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SHORT FORMS

These are frequently occurring words in English Language, hence short forms are designed for them for high speed writing.

They include- be, � it, � do, � which, � the, � to, � two or too, � for, � a or an, � of, � on, � had, � different or difference, � put, � wish, etc

PHRASES

Are the act of joining two or more shorthand outlines together where possible to enhance speed writing. Examples are –�

To be, � to the, � to do, � to pay, � pay the, � can you,� with you, � they will, � they will be,

etc.

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CIRCLE S/Z AND DOTING

For convenience, some words ending with ‘ing’ or S/Z end� with dots in place of the ‘ing’ eg

Space, � but� spacing,� � set,� � but setting,� � sit, � but sitting, � seek, � � but seeking, etc

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EVALUATION

1 How many short vowels are there in Pitman Shorthand ?� Give examples.

2 List 12 examples of words containing heavy vowels.

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READING ASSIGNMENT

Read NEW ERA SHORTHAND� pages 9-10 and 13-14

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WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1 The act of joining two or more shorthand outlines is called�

���a� joining � � b� phrasing � � � c� consonant � � d� vowelDING

2 The act writing frequently occurring words with one sign or one stroke is called�

���a� short forms� � � b� phrasing � � c� frequency � � � d� diphones

3 The outline for the word ‘oat’ is ------------ the line

����a� on� � � b� above� � � c� through� � � � d� none of the above

4 The word ‘bill’ is controlled by ----- place vowel

����a� 1st� � � b� 2nd � � � c 3rd � � � � d� 4th

5� There are ------- consonants in Pitman Shorthand.

a� 10� � � � b� 20� � � � c� 25 � � � � � d� 24

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THEORY

1 How many short vowels are there in Pitman Shorthand?� Give examples

2 List 12 words containing long vowels vowels