Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary School 3

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

CLASS:  JSS 3

DATE:

TERM: 1st TERM

REFERENCE BOOKS

• New General Mathematics by M. F Macrae et al bk 3
• Essential Maths by AJS OluwasanmiBk 3

 
WEEK TWO

TOPIC: SOLVING EQUATION EXPRESSIONS

WORD PROBLEMS

Worked Examples:

1. Find 1/4 of the positive difference between 29 & 11
2. The product of a certain number and 5 is equal to twice the number subtracted from 20. Find the number
3. The sum of 35 and a certain number is divided by 4 the result is equal to double the number. Find the number.

Solutions:

1. Positive Difference 29 - 11 = 18

    1/4 of 18 = 4 2/5

2. Let the number be x

    xX 5 = 20 - 2x

    5x = 20 - 2x

    5x + 2x = 20

    7x = 20 

    x = 20/7 = 2

3. Let the number be n

    sum of 35 and n = n + 35

    divided by 4 = n + 35 

            4

    result = 2 X  n

    thereforen + 35     = 2n

            4

    n + 35 = 8n

    8n - n = 35   

    7n = 35

    n = 35/7 = 5

EVALUATION

1. From 50 subtract the sum of 3 & 5 then divide the result by 6
2. The sum of 8 and a certain number is equal to the product of the number and 3 find

the number.

SOLVING EQUATION EXPRESSIONS WITH FRACTION

Always clear fractions before beginning to solve an equation.

To clear fractions, multiply each term in the equation by the LCM of the denominations of the fractions.

Examples:

Solve the following

1. x  = 2

    9

2. x + 9   +   2 + x   = 0

   5          2

3. 2x = 5x + 1   +    3x – 5

        7          2

Solutions:

1. x  = 2

    9

    Cross multiply

        x = 18

2. x + 9   +   2 + x   = 0

      5          2

    Multiply by the LCM (10)

    10 X (x + 9)   + 10 X ( 2 + x)    = 0 X 10

        5          2

    2 (x + 9) + 5 (2 + x) = 0

    2x + 18 + 10 + 5x = 0

    2x + 5x + 28 = 0

    7x = -28

    x = -28/7 = -4

3. 2x = 5x + 1   +    3x - 5

        7          2

    Multiply by the LCM (14)

    14 X 2x = 14 (5x + 1)   + 14 ( 3x - 5)

              7          2

    28x = 2 (5x + 1) + 7 (3x - 5)

28x = 10x + 2 + 21x - 35

    28x = 31x - 33

    28x - 31x = -33

    -3x = -33

    x = 33/3 = 11

EVALUATION

Solve the following equations.

1. 7/3c = 21/2
2.       6      =   11

    y + 3          y - 2

3. 3       -   4         = 0

    2b - 5        b – 3

Furthermore, we can consider the word equations or expressions into:

• Sum & Differences
• Products
• Expressions with fractions & equations

SUM & DIFFERENCES

The sum of a set of numbers is a result obtained when the numbers are added together. The difference between two numbers is a result of subtracting one number from the other.

Worked Examples:

1. Find the sum of -2 & -3.4
2. Find the positive difference between 19 & 8
3. The difference between two numbers is 7. If the smaller number is 7 find the other.
4. The difference between -3 and a number is 8, find the two possible values for the number.
5. Find the three consecutive numbers whose sum is 63.

Solutions:

1. -2 + -3.4 = -5.4
2. 19 - 8 = +11
3. let the number be Y i.e Y -7 = 7

    i.e Y = 7 + 7 = 14

4. Let M represent the number

    M - (-3) = 8

    m + 3 = 8

    m = 8 - 3

    m  = +5

    also -3 - m = 8

    -m = 8 + 3

    -m = 11

    m = -11

    the possible values are +5 & -11

5. Consecutive numbers are 1,2,3,4,5,6,.............. Consecutive odd numbers are     

            1,3,5,7,9........... consecutive even numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8,10..........

    Representing in terms of X, we have 2X, 2X + 2, 2X + 4, 2X + 6, 2X + 8, 2X + 10............

    for consecutive even numbers, we have X, X + 2, X + 4, X + 6.......

    for consecutive odd numbers, we have  X + 1, X + 2, X + 3, X + 4... 

for consecutive numbers.

    let the first number be x,

    let the second number be x + 1

    let the third number be x + 2

    Therefore x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 63

    3x + 3 = 63

    3x = 63 - 3   

3x = 60

    x = 60 /3

    = 20

The numbers are 20, 21, and 22.

EVALUATION

1. Find the sum of all odd numbers between 10 and 20
2. The sum of four consecutive odd numbers is 80 find the numbers
   3. The difference between 2 numbers is 9, the largest number is 32 find the numbers.

PRODUCTS

The product of two or more numbers is the result obtained when the numbers are multiplied together.

Worked Examples:

1. Find the product of - 6, 0.7, &
2. The product of two numbers is 8 .If one of the numbers is 1/4 find the other.
3. Find the product of the sum of -2 & 9 and the difference between -8 & -5.

Solutions:

1. Products -6 x 0.7 x

    -6 x 7/10 x 20/3 = -6 x 7 x 20

                  10 x 3

    = -2 x 7 x 2 = -28

2. Let the number be x 

    X x = 8multiply both sides by 4

    x = 8 x 4 = 33

3. Sum = -2 + 9 = 7

    Difference = -5-(-8) = -5 + 8 = 3

    Products= 7 x 3 = 21

EVALUATION

1. The product of three numbers is 0.084 if two numbers are 0.7 & 0.2 find the third

number.

1. Find the product of the difference between 2 & 7 and the sum of 2 & 7.
2. From 50 subtract the sum of 3 & 5 then divide the result by 6.
3. The sum of 8 and a certain number is equal to the product of the number and 3 find

the number.

READING ASSIGNMENT

New Gen Maths for J.S.S 3 Pg 20- 24

Essential Mathematics for J.S.S 3 Pg 85-87

PROPORTION

Proportion can be solved either by unitary method or inverse method. When solving by unitary method, always 

• Write in sentence the quantity to be found at the end. 
• Decide whether the problem is either an example of direct or inverse method 
• Find the rate for one unit before answering the problem. 

Examples

1. A worker gets N 900 for 10 days of work, find the amount for (a) 3 days (b) 24 days (c) x days 

Solution

For 1 day  =N 900

1 day = 900/10 = N90

1. For 3 days =3 x 90 = 270
2. For 24 days  = 24x90 = N 2,160
3. For x days =X x 90 = N 90 x

INVERSE PROPORTION

Example

1. Seven workers dig a piece of ground in 10 days. How long will five workers take? 

Solution:

For 7 workers =10 days

For 1 worker =7x10=70 days

For 5 workers=70/5 =14 days

1.  5 people took 8 days to plant 1,200 trees, How long will it take 10 people to plant the same number of trees

Solution:

For 5 people =8 days

For 1 person =8x5=40 days

For 10 people =40/10 =4 days

CLASS WORK

1. A woman is paid N 750 for 5 days, Find her pay for (a) 1 day (b) 22 days 
2. A piece of land has enough grass to feed 15 cows for x days. How long will it last (a) 1 cow (b) y cows 
3. A bag of rice feeds 15 students for 7 days .How long would the same bag feed 10 students 

Note on direct proportion: this is an example of direct proportion .The less time worked (3 days) the less money paid (#270) the more time worked (24 days) the more money paid (NN 2,160)

COMPOUND INTEREST

Interest is a payment given for saving or borrowing money. It can either be simple interest or compound interest. It is simple interest when the interest is calculated on the principal while it is compound interest if interest is calculated on the amount at the end of each period. Amount is the sum of the principal and the interest.

Example:

Find the amount on N360 borrowed for 512years at 7% simple interest.

Solution:

A=P+IandI=PRT100 , so that A=P+PRT100=P1+RT100. Substituting the values, we will obtain =P1+RT100=3601+7 X 11100 X 2=3601+0.385=360 X 1.385=N498.60

Example:

Find the amount that N10,000 becomes if saved for 3 years at 8% per annum simple interest.

Solution:

1st year        Principal    N10,000.00

            8%interest    +       800.00        8100 X 10,000

2nd year        Principal        10,800.00

8%interest    +864.00        8100 X 10,800

3rd year        Principal        11,664.00

8%interest    +       933.12        8100 X 11,664

AMOUNT    N12,597.12

Alternatively, we can also solve the question with the use of the formulaA=P1+R100n, where n represent the time or duration.

Then, substituting into the formula, we can have A=100001+81003=100001+0.083

(using table of squares,  1.082=1.166.  Then,  we can compute 1.083as1.082X 1.08=1.166 X 1.08=1.25928)

A=100001+0.083=10000 X 1.25928=N12,592.80

EVALUATION

1. What is simple interest?
2. Define compound interest.
3. Calculate 1312% of N84,000.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Esther is 3 times as old as her sister Tolu, if the sum of their ages is 20 years. Find the difference between their ages.(a) 20 years    (b) 8 years    (C)    10 years

2. 9 was subtracted from a certain number and the result was divided by 4 if the finalanswer is 5 what was the original number? (a) 29 (b) 18    (c) 20
3. A woman is 4 times as old as her son. In five years time she will be 3 times as old as her son. How old is the woman (a) 50 yrs (b) 40 yrs    (c) 45 yrs
4. Bayo is 4 times as old as his sister Tolu. If the sum of their ages is 20 years, find the difference between their ages. (a) 12 yrs (b) 15 yrs    (c) 18 yrs
5. Subtract the square root of 4 from the square of 4 and divide the result by 2 

(a) 2    (b) 4    (c) 7

THEORY

1. Divide 36 by the difference between the product of 3 & 6 and the square root of 36.
2. When I add 45 to a certain number, and divide the sum by 2, the result is the same as five times the number, what is the number?