Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary School 2

SUBJECT:  BASIC SCIENCE        

CLASS:  JSS2

DATE:

TERM: 3RD TERM

REFERENCE

• Precious Seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 2

WEEK ONE

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

GENETIC COUNSELLING

Genetic counseling may be described as the process through which individuals affected by, or at risk for a problem which may be genetic or hereditary, are informed of the consequences of the disorder, of the probability of suffering from or of transmitting it to their offspring, and of the potential means of treating or of avoiding the occurrence of the malformation or disease in question. " Genetic " does not necessarily mean " hereditary ". The first term implies simply that the genetic material, on a chromosomal or a gene level, contains one or more mutations which are the cause of the disorder. Once a mutation is present in a patient, particularly if it is constitutional (and thus present in all cells), it can of course be transmitted and thus becomes a hereditary disorder.

Four aspects  involved in giving genetic counseling

• Arriving at a specific diagnosis
• Estimation of risks: to develop the disorder and/or to transmit it to offspring.
• Practical aid: this includes, for example, recommending doctors for specialized examinations or health care professionals for speech or educational therapy. It often implies as well the coordination of prenatal and other diagnostic tests.
• Supportive role

IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC COUNSELLING BEFORE MARRIAGE

1. To ensure that there are no genetic anomalies in either partner, this would produce damaged offspring.
2. Nowadays premarital testing is considered an important issue, as a result of the increasing in the number of children affected with genetic or blood transmitted diseases.
3. Premarital screening mainly aimed at reducing the number of children with inherited diseases.
4. If either/both have family history of a serious genetic condition
5. If they are ‘carriers’ of the same faulty gene
6. If they have exposure to some chemical or other environmental agent
7. Any abnormalities in the chromosomes

EVALUATION

1. What is genetic counseling?
2. What are the four aspects involved in giving genetic counseling?

Breastfeeding  and its importance

• There is an increased resistance to infections, and therefore fewer incidents of illness and hospitalization
• Decreased risk of allergies and lactose intolerance
• Breast milk is sterile
• Baby experiences less nappy rash and thrush
• Baby is less likely to develop allergies
• Baby experiences fewer stomach upsets and constipation
• Breastfed infants tend to have fewer cavities
• Breastfeeding promotes the proper development of baby’s jaw and teeth.
• Breastfed infants tend to have higher IQs due to good brain development early in life
• Babies benefit emotionally, because they are held more
• Breastfeeding promotes mother-baby bonding
• In the long term, breastfed babies have a decreased risk of malnutrition, obesity and heart disease compared to formula fed babies.

MYTHS ABOUT BREASTFEEDING

• If babies feed a lot, that means they aren't getting enough milk.

Fact: Because breast milk is so easy to digest, babies generally get hungrier sooner than if they are formula-fed. It's appropriate for your breastfeeding newborn baby to eat every two to three hours.

• Giving the breast a nursing "rest" can help ensure more milk.

Fact: The more you nurse, the more milk you make. Breaking your regular nursing schedule to "rest" the breast actually may decrease your milk supply.

This myth got started, she says, because skipping a feeding or pumping during the day results in greater supply of milk at night. But by the next day you will have less milk if you skip a feeding. "The only way to ensure a steady supply is to keep expressing milk as regularly as you can. You should nurse at least nine to 10 times a day to ensure milk production.

• Formula fed babies sleep better.

Fact: Research indicates that babies fed on formula do not sleep better, although they may sleep longer. "Because bottle milk doesn't get digested as quickly, it may be a longer stretch between feedings so your baby may sleep longer.

Breastfed babies typically start sleeping longer at 4 weeks old and soon are sleeping the same amount of time as formula-fed babies.

• Nursing babies shouldn't take an occasional bottle or they may become confused and stop eating.

Fact: Babies suck on a nipple, but suckle at the breast. The difference between the two actions rarely will confuse your little one. If you think you need to supplement your baby's feedings (particularly if you plan to return to work before you finish nursing), then you should introduce baby to a bottle between 2 to 6 weeks of age.

Use it for one or two feedings a day. Your baby will develop the skills necessary to bottle feed without losing the ability to feed at the breast. Use your own milk when trying the bottle, and hold your baby close to your body to cuddle. It's the bonding time that matters almost as much as the actual feeding.

• Breastfeeding changes the shape and size of your breast, or reduces sensitivity.

Fact: While pregnancy does somewhat alter the look and feel of your breasts, experts say breastfeeding does not cause any changes beyond that.

In fact, "breastfeeding can actually help protect your breasts. women who breastfeed have a reduced risk of breast cancer later in life.

• Never wake a sleeping baby to breastfeed.

Fact: Most of the time your baby will wake you -- and be ready to eat -- every two-and-a-half to three hours. However, your baby may feed vigorously for two or three hours -- known as "cluster feedings" -- then sleep a longer than usual.

"It's okay to let them sleep a little longer than usual, but you should never have more than one four-and-a-half-hour period of sleeping per day. If your baby is regularly sleeping through feeding time, wake baby when it's time to eat. It's important for your baby to feed on schedule, and you need to express milk on schedule to keep up a good supply.

• Breastfeeding prevents you from getting pregnant.

Fact: Judging by the number of families with babies born 10 months apart, it's clear that breastfeeding isn't guaranteed birth control. However, experts do believe breastfeeding is 98% effective -- similar to other forms of birth control. experts say hormones involved in breastfeeding prevent ovulation, thereby blocking your ability to conceive for up to 14 or 15 months following delivery.

EVALUATION

1. State five importance of breast feeding
2. What is breast feeding?

READING ASSIGNMENT

Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 2

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. What is genetic counseling?

2. What are the four aspects involved in giving genetic counseling?

1. State five importance of breast feeding
2. What is breast feeding?
3. State five importance of genetic counseling before marriage

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Counseling may be described as the process through which individuals affected by, or at risk for a problem which may be genetic or hereditary, are informed of the consequences of the disorder, of the probability of suffering from or of transmitting it to their offspring. A. Genetic B. Sporadic C. Hereditary D. General
2. Nowadays premarital-------- is considered an important issue, as a result of the increasing in the number of children affected with genetic or blood transmitted diseases. A. testing B. exam C. submission D. counseling
3. Breastfeeding -----------the proper development of baby’s jaw and teeth. A. promotes B. hinders C. inhibit D. negotiates
4. Women who breastfeed have a ---------risk of breast cancer later in life. A. reduced B. observed C. suspecting D. aggravated
5. Similar to other forms of birth control, hormones involved in breastfeeding prevent -------- A. ovulation B. fertilization C. oval window D. pregnancy

THEORY

1. State two myths about breast feeding
2. State five importance of genetic counseling before marriage