Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary School 2

SUBJECT: CULTURAL AND CREATIVE ARTS

CLASS:  JSS 2

DATE:

TERM: 1st TERM

REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS

1. Cultural and Creative Art (New Edition) by Peter Akinyemi& Co-Authors. (Book 1)
2. Cultural and Creative Art (New Edition) by Peter Akinyemi& Co-Authors. (Book 2)
3. Cultural and Creative Art (New Edition) by Peter Akinyemi& Co-Authors. (Book 3)

1ST TERM PROJECTS

1. Construct a typical stage environment using real materials.
2. Produce a colour wheel showing the primary, secondary and tertiary colours.
3. Paint a composition of fruits depicting their local colours.

 
WEEK EIGHT

TOPIC: HISTORY OF MUSIC

SUB-TOPICS

1. Origin of Music.
2. Meaning of Sound.
3. Characteristics of Sound.
4. Meaning of Rhythm and Intervals.

ORIGIN OF MUSIC

Music emerged from the following sources namely-

1. HAMMER AND ANVIL: Sound is observed when a blacksmith uses hammer and anvil to beat hot metal into a desired shape.
2. BIRD SOUND: A variety of sounds is observed among birds as they move from one place to another.
3. SINGING: Sound is produced when two people come together to make a composed tune.

• RHYTHM:Sound is produced in form of rhythm. Rhythm is simply the movement or flow of musical sound. Rhythm is achieved in music when there is an orderly arrangement or flow of notes, beats, bar, accent and phrases. The flow of music can be in the Double time(Duple)(2) ,Triple time (3) and quadruple time (4)

1. CLAPPING:Sound is produced when humans clap their hands. Clapping produces a rhythmic flow in music and can flow easily to various clapping patterns.
2. SOUND: Raw sound can be transformed into good music when it is well organized.
3. HUMAN VOICE: The human voice is a useful medium through which sound is produced before musical instruments are introduced.
4. ROARING OF OCEAN WAVES: Sound is observed around a water body as heavy wind blows water from one place to another. 

MEANING OF SOUND: Sound is simply what we hear through the ear. Various sounds are produced in our immediate environment which we can clearly hear through our ear. It can be in form of music, vibration and noise. Sound is both organized and disorganized. An organized sound is music which pleases the ear while a disorganized sound is noise which is unpleasant to the ear.

EVALUATION

1. Mention three sources of music.
2. What is sound?

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND

They include the following:

1. TIMBRE(Sonic qualities of timbre): Timbre is the quality of sound or colour of a sound .This is observed in terms of the different sounds that various musical instruments or one musical instrument can create. For instance, the musical sound of a saxophone differs completely from the sound of a guitar. In its deepest form, timbre also emphasizes the different sounds that one musical instrument can create.
2. RHYTHM: This is the note of durations that are organized into patterns.
3. DYNAMICS: This has to do with the changes in volume of musical sounds which can be immediate or gradual of time. 
4. INTENSITY: This is the loudness and softness of musical sound. Musical sound with high intensity is loud while musical sound with low intensity is soft.
5. DURATION: This is the amount of time musical sound expressed through the application of musical notes, beat and other elements in a piece of music last .
6. PITCH: This is the highness and lowness of musical sound in a piece of music. It is the height or depth of musical sound. The pitch of sound is relatively high or low.

• TEXTURE:This is the relationship of lines or voices in musical sound. Lines or voices form layers of sound which can be monophonic, polyphonic and homophonic.

1. MELODY: This is a sequence of single notes that form musical sound; the main, most prominent line or voice in a piece of music is the line or voice that the listener follows most closely.  
2. HARMONY: This is a succession of chords .Chords are two or more notes that played together at the same time to make musical sounds.
3. FORM: This is the order of events in a piece of music that make up musical sound. Form is the number of sections and their relationship to each other and to a whole. In today’s music, sections often have evenness and symmetrical like quality as music pieces balance between contrast and repetition.  

MEANING OF RHYTHM AND INTERVAL

1. Rhythm is the flow of musical sounds that are well arranged and organized.

• Interval is the tonal gap between two notes. Interval can also be defined as the distance in pitch between two notes.

EVALUATION

1. Mention two features of sound.
2. Explain rhythm and interval respectively.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. What is music?
2. Differentiate between music and noise.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Cultural and Creative Art (New Edition) by Peter Akinyemi& Co-Authors.(Book 2)

REFERENCE PAGE-Visit the internet.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. The highness and lowness of musical sound is called ………….…(a)pitch  (b) chord  (c)timbre  (d) intensity
2. A sound that is irregular and disorganized when heard through our ear is called ………….………. (a) music (b) noise  (c) Option a & b  (d) None of the above.
3. The interval between the root note and the top note which comprises of eight notes is the …………..(a) 1st interval  (b) 8th interval (c) 2nd interval  (d) Unison
4. A semibreve is a musical note the relative  value  ……………………….  (a) 1    (b) 1/4  (c) 1/8    (d) 1/16
5. In music, the word octave stands for the number ………….. (a) 2  (b) 4 (c) 8  (d) 6

THEORY

1. What is interval?

• Define sound.