Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary School 2

FIRST TERM

SUBJECT: BASIC SCIENCE

CLASS: JSS 2

REFERENCE

• Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 2

WEEK SEVEN

TOPIC: HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT II

CONTENT

• Handling Pubertal Changes 
• The Characteristics features of stages of development
• Emotional development at puberty

Many changes take place in the body during puberty and leads to many waste products. When these products are expelled, they turn to affect the personal hygiene. Puberty is a transition stage from childhood to adolescence.

The Characteristics features of stages of development

1. Sensorimotor: (birth to about age 2)

This is the first stage where infants have the following basic senses: vision, hearing, and motor skills. In this stage, knowledge of the world is limited but is constantly developing due to the child's experiences and interactions.[citation needed] According to Piaget, when an infant reaches about 7–9 months of age they begin to develop what he called object permanence, this means the child now has the ability to understand that objects keep existing even when they cannot be seen. An example of this would be hiding the child’s favorite toy under a blanket, although the child cannot physically see it they still know to look under the blanket.

1. Preoperational: (begins about the time the child starts to talk about age 7)

During this stage of development, young children begin analyzing their environment using mental symbols. These symbols often include words and images and the child will begin to apply these various symbols in their everyday lives as they come across different objects, events, and situations. However, Piaget’s main focus on this stage and the reason why he named it “preoperational” is because children at this point are not able to apply specific cognitive operations, such as mental math. In addition to symbolism, children start to engage in pretend play in which they pretend to be people they are not (teachers, superheroes). In addition, they sometimes use different props to make this pretend play more real. Some deficiencies in this stage of development are that children who are about 3–4 years old often display what is called egocentrism, which means the child is not able to see someone else’s point of view, they feel as if every other person is experiencing the same events and feelings that they are experiencing. However, at about at 7 thought processes of children are no longer egocentric and are more intuitive, meaning they now think about the way something looks instead of rational thinking.

1. Concrete: (about first grade to early adolescence)

During this stage, children between the age of 7 and 11 use appropriate logic to develop cognitive operations and begin applying this new thinking to different events they may encounter. Children in this stage incorporate inductive reasoning, which involves drawing conclusions from other observations in order to make a generalization.[citation needed] Unlike the preoperational stage, children can now change and rearrange mental images and symbols to form a logical thought, an example of this is reversibility in which the child now has the ability to reverse an action just by doing the opposite.

1. Formal operations: (about early adolescence to mid/late adolescence)

The final stage of Piaget’s cognitive development defines a child as now having the ability to “think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events”. Some positive aspects during this time is that child or adolescent begins forming their identity and begin understanding why people behave the way they behave. However, there are also some negative aspects which include the child or adolescent developing some egocentric thoughts which include the imaginary audience and the personal fable. An imaginary audience is when an adolescent feels that the world is just as concerned and judgmental of anything the adolescent does as they are, an adolescent may feel as is they are “on stage” and everyone is a critique and they are the ones being critiqued. A personal fable is when the adolescent feels that he or she is a unique person and everything they do is unique. They feel as if they are the only ones that have ever experienced what they are experiencing and that they are invincible and nothing bad will happen to them it will only happen to others.

EVALUATION

1. State three effects of waste products from the body during pubertal changes 
2.      How can you keep a high standard of personal hygiene?

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AT PUBERTY 

The following emotional development are experienced at puberty

1.                 Feeling of discomfort due to rapid physical development 
2. Fear of rejection and isolation 
3. Secrecy – person seeks more of privacy 
4. Inquisitives, asking many questions and wanting to know many things 
5. Self consciousness 
6. Egocentric tendencies – the focus is more on self. 
7. Anger and disillusionment as one’s ideals may be unmet. 

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Mention five emotional development  experienced at puberty State.
2. State three effects of waste products from the body during pubertal changes.
3. How can you keep a high standard of personal hygiene?
4. Explain adulthood.
5. State the characteristics features of stages of development.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. 1.     The first period of rapid growth is from A.  Ten to seventeen years’     B. birth to about two years C. four to ten years D. seven to nine
2. Development takes place in the body when A. There is increase in size B. the body sizes to grow C. the body is able to perform particular function D. The moves expectedly
3. Maturity sets at the age of A. 30yrs  B. 21yrs C. 25yrs D. 12yrs
4. One of the following is a basic factor affecting growth and development A. Crying 

1. heredity C. bathing D. gene

1. Malfunctioning of thyroid gland results to a condition called A. cretinism B. giantism C. dwarfism D. talism

THEORY

1. Name five functions that affect growth. 
2. Name two growth glands.
3. What do you understand by cretinism? 

READIND ASSIGNMENT

Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 2 page 40-4