Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary School 1
CONSTRUCTION OF PARALLEL LINES USING RULER AND SET SQUARE ONLY
CONSTRUCTION OF PARALLEL LINES USING RULER AND SET SQUARE ONLY
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
CLASS: JSS 1
DATE:
TERM: 3rd TERM
REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS
WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: CONSTRUCTION OF PARALLEL LINES USING RULER AND SET SQUARE ONLY
CONTENT
iii. Application of construction. Plane figure.
(a) Guidelines for constructions.
In geometry, to construct a figure means to draw it accurately. Accurately construction depends on using measuring instruments properly.
Generally, to carry out a construction, you require a sharp pencil, compasses, protractor and a good ruler, set-square and dividers are also necessary.
When making constructions, the following guidelines should be followed.
(1) A short pencil of about 6cm should be fixed on the fixed on the pair of compasses when constructing to avoid any obstruction when turning your compass round to draw arcs.
(2) Ensure that the pivot of your pair of compasses is tight to avoid unwanted shift when carrying out your construction.
(3) To ensure that your lines and points are as fine and accurate as possible make use of a hard pencil with a sharp point.
(4) Before making the actual construction, make a rough sketch of the problem under consideration. This will make the construction of the actual problem easy.
(5) Leave all your arcs and construction lines visible. Do not clean any arc that leads you to your final result.
(6) Double lines and arcs in constructions are not allowed, hence clean up all double arcs and lines neatly and re-draw.
(b) To draw parallel lines
(i) Definition: Parallel lines are lines that do not meet. They always have the same distance apart and are in the same direction.
(ii) Example
Draw accurately a line through 0, parallel to line MN.
Solution
Using a ruler and –square (i) Place one edge of the set-square along the given line MN. (ii) Place a ruler along one of the other edges of the set-square as shown in the diagram below.
(iii) Hold the ruler firmly with one hand and then slide the set- square with the second along the edge of the ruler until you reach point O.
(iv) Draw the line with a sharp pencil
EVALUATION QUESTION
Use a ruler and set square to draw four lines that are parallel to each other.
(ii) To draw parallel lines (Non- horizontal) using a ruler and set square.
Example
Draw a line through point O, Parallel to line MN.
Solution
The set square and ruler are placed accordingly as shown in the diagram.
EVALUATION QUESTION
(i) Use ruler and Set Square to construct a pair of parallel lines that are 3cm apart.
(ii) Draw accurately a line through C parallel to AB in this diagram using ruler and set square.
CONSTRUCTION OF PERPENDICULAR LINE USING RULER AND SET SQUARE ONLY
Definition
(a) TYPES OF LINES
(i) POINT: A point is used to denote a position of an object in space and it has a negligible size or magnitude. It is usually represented by a dot (.) or a cross (x)
(ii) A LINE: A line is made up a set of points. The arrows at both ends show that line Mn continues forever on both directions.
(iii) STRAIGHT LINE: A straight line is the shortest distance two
points such as points m and n
(iv) HORIZONTAL LINE: A line drawn straight across the page is called a horizontal line
(v) VERTICAL LINE: A line drawn straight up or down a page is called a vertical line.
(vi) ANGLES: When two lines meet at a point, an angle is formed. Angle are measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is O. Therefore an angle may be describe as a measure of the degree of rotation between two lines that intersect a point. For example in the diagram below the point where lines AO and BO meet is O. the angle formed is θ (theta).
AO and BO are called the arms of the angle θ and point O is called the vertex.
(vii) PERPENDICULAR LINES: When a horizontal line meets (intersects) a vertical line, both lines are said to be perpendicular to each other.
The symbol for perpendicular lines is i.e. AO BO
That is: Two lines are perpendicular to each other if they intersect at right angles (i.e. 900) example:
PQ RQi.e. line PQ is perpendicular to line RQ
AB XY
Line AB is perpendicular
to line XY.
Evaluation question
Give a brief definition and a sketch diagram to explain them. (a) a straight line (b) perpendicular line
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 102 – 103.
II CONSTRUCTION OF PERPENDICULAR LINES EXPLANATION
To construct a perpendicular from a point to a line using ruler and set square.
(1) Place a ruler along the lines.
(2) Use the two edges of a set square which are the arms of its right angle. Place one of these edges along the ruler. Slide the set square along the ruler until the other edge reaches P.
(3) Hold the set square firm. Draw the line through P to meet the line perpendicularly.
Example
Draw a perpendicular line to PQ at R
Solution
(i) Place one edge of the right angle of the set square along the given line (i.e. PQ)
(ii) Place a ruler along the hypotenuse as show below.
(iii) Hold the ruler firmly with one hand and then slide the set square with the second hand along the edge of the ruler until the required position R is reached as shown in the diagram below. Draw a line through R.
Evaluation Question
From This pentagon, draw perpendicular line from P to
the five sides using ruler and set square.
(iii) APPLICATION OF CONSTRUCTIONS: DRAWINGPLANE FIGURE E.G. (RECTANGLE)
Example:
Draw accurately a rectangle of length 8cm and width 5cm using ruler and set square.
Solution
EVALUATION QUESTION
Use ruler set square and protractor construct parallelogram ABCD with AB = 8cm and BC = 5cm and ABC = 1200.
GENERAL EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
THEORY
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