Lesson Notes By Weeks and Term - Junior Secondary School 1

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

CLASS:� JSS 1

DATE:

TERM: 3rd TERM

REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS�

• New General Mathematics, Junior Secondary School Book 1
• Essential Mathematics for Junior Secondary School Book 1

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WEEK THREE

TOPIC: Geometry Plane Shapes

Plane shapes are two-dimensional shapes bounded by lines known as sides. Any shape drawn on a plane is called a two-dimensional shape (or 2-D shapes for short). When we say a figure is two- dimensional, we mean it can be measured along x and y axes i.e. it has length and width or breadth.

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Types of Plane Shapes

Common plane shapes are:

1. Triangles
2. Quadrilaterals
3. Polygons
4. Circles�

Triangles and quadrilaterals are examples of polygon. However, because triangles and quadrilaterals have their own special properties they are usually dealt with separately.

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Triangles

Tri-angle means three angles. A triangle has three angles and three sides.

Types of Triangles

1. Scalene triangle: it has no sides and no angles equal. i.e. it has three sides of different lengths and three angles of different magnitudes (sizes).

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1. Isosceles triangle: It has two adjacent sides equal and two angles equal

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1. Equilateral triangle: It has all its sides equal and all its angles equal. Each angle is 600.

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Other types of triangles are:

1. Acute-angled triangle: It has each of its angles less than 900 i.e. each angle is acute
2. Obtuse-angled triangle: It has one of its angles more than 900.
3. Right-angled triangle has one of its angles equal to 900. The side opposite the right angle is the longest side and is often called the hypotenuse.

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Quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral is a four-sided plane shape with four angles

Types of quadrilateral�

Properties

• It has all its sides equal
• Each angle is 900
• The opposite sides are parallel

1. Rectangle

Properties�

It is a quadrilateral that has opposite sides equal and each angle is 900.

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1. Parallelogram

It has two opposite sides parallel and equal in length

1. Rhombus

Properties

• It has all its four sides equal in length
• Opposite sides are parallel
• Opposite angles are equal

1. Trapezium

A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel

Note: when the two non-parallel sides are equal in length, it is called an isosceles trapezium

1. Kite

A kite is a quadrilateral that has two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length and one pair of opposite angles equal.

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Evaluation:

1. What is a plane shape?
2. With the aid of diagram, describe scalene, isosceles and equilateral triangles.
3. Write down all the quadrilaterals that have

1. two pairs of parallel sides
2. four sides equal
3. two adjacent sides equal and one pair of opposite angles equal

Polygon

A polygon is any closed shape that has three or more straight sides. Thus, rectangles, squares and triangles are all examples of polygons.

The table below shows some special polygons and their sides.

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There are two types of polygons. They are:

1. Regular Polygons
2. Irregular Polygons

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• Irregular Polygons

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When the sides of a polygon and the included angles are not equal it is called an irregular polygon. Examples are irregular pentagon and irregular hexagon shown below.

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Irregular� Pentagon

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• Regular Polygon��

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A polygon that has all its sides and angles equal is called a regular polygon. Examples of regular polygons are: equilateral triangle, square, regular pentagon, hexagon, etc

Regular Hexagon � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � regular pentagon

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Circles

A circle is a plane shape that has set of points equidistant from a fixed point, O. The fixed point is the centre of the circle as shown in the diagram below.

Diameter

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The parts of a circle

The circumference is the distance around the circle.

A radius (plural radii) is any straight line joining the centre of the circle to any point on the circumference.

A chordis any straight line joining two points on the circumference.

A diameteris any chord that goes through the centre of the circle.

Regions

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A sectoris the region between two radii and the circumference.

A semicircleis a sector between a diameter and the circumference, i.e. half a circle.

A segment is the region between a chord and the circumference.

Evaluation:

Draw a circle and include the following parts: two radii, a sector, a chord, a segment, a diameter and an arc. Label each part and shade any regions.

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General Evaluation/ Revision Questions

1. A polygon with 12 sides is called ...............
2. The number of sides of a polygon is not equal to the number of angles ( True/False)
3. All the sides of an equilateral triangle are ................ and� each angle is ..............
4. Write down the names of these shapes:

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Reading Assignment

• Essential Mathematics for J.S.S 1 by A.J.S Oluwasanmi, page 167-169.
• New General Mathematics by M.F Macrae et.al, Revision test II, Numbers 1-9.

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Weekend Assignment�

1. A polygon with seven sides is called .................. (a) pentagon � � (b) hexagon � (c) octagon � (d) heptagon
2. The simplest form of polygon is a .............. � (a) circle � (b) rectangle � � (c) triangle � (d) square
3. Which of the following quadrilaterals has only one pair of parallel sides? (a) Trapezium� � (b) rhombus � (c) parallelogram� � (d) square
4. How many sides has a duo decagon?� (a) � 10� � (b)� 20 � (c)� 12� � (d)� 9
5. A straight line joining two points on the circumference is called� ...............� (a) chord � (b)� segment� � (c) arc� � (d) sector

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Theory

Write down the missing word in the following

1. A regular polygon has all its sides ............... and all its angles ..............
2. The distance around the circle is .............................